families in canada - final exam prep

families in canada

Nuclear Family

Two parents, one or more children

Childfree Family

Two spouses, no children

Lone Parent

Single parent, one or more children

Extended Family

Nuclear family, additional relative(s)

Blended Family

Couple, with one or more children from previous marriage

Common Law

Two spouses living together, not legally married

Silent Generation

(1928-1945)

Thrifty individuals due to new ways of thinking, born during the great depression (hence the name “Silent Generation”).

Noticeably low birth rate.

Respectful and loyal.

Baby Boomers

 (1946 - 1964)

Born after WWII when birth rates spiked due to parents wanting to start families after not being able to safely.

“Boom” refers to the boom in birth.

High numbers of people allowed for economic prosperity.

Are independent because they grew up in a society that believed they can make change so they stand up for what they believe in.

Have a strong work ethic, are competitive and goal centric

Gen X

(1965 - 1980)
Follows the Baby Boomer generation and has fewer members.

More diversity in family types, more dual-income families, single-parent households, and children of divorce.

More tech savvy with the beginning of computers.

Resourceful and Independent

Millennials

(1981 - 1996)

The name “Millennial” is because they were born at the end of the millennium.

Many technological advances occurred, these changes have allowed millennials to be adaptable.

They are curious and value teamwork/collaborative environments.

Both of which make millennials good employees.

Use social media and technology much more than past generations.

Gen Z

(1997 - 2012)

Politically progressive.

Financially minded due to watching parents struggle during the Great Recession.

Born into developed technology, therefore Gen Z is more reliant on social media and technology.

Very diverse.

Communicative and independent.

Enjoy standing up for their beliefs.

Environmentally minded.

Hunter-Gatherers

Major purpose is to find food

Women were responsible for gathering fruits, nuts, grains, herbs and small prey. Also responsible for nurturing young children

Major means of subsistence for our ancestors (99% human history)

Stuck together as years progressed because they were finding places with constant food source, staying together in one place for longer periods of time.

Leadership was acquitted through intelligence and strength qualities.

5 - 80 “band” members, related by blood or marriage.

Agricultural - Neolithic Revolution

Growing plants for food

Domesticated animals

More food supplies, larger families, help w/ manual labour

Expanding roles; men became artisans, builders, politicians, merchants and soldiers. Women become more focused on private households, cared for children + handled domestic work.

Polygamy (men being married to multiple women) grew increasingly more common

Patriarchal society

Pre-Industrial - 1600s, European Settlers

Growth of villagers and towns as farms increased population

Cottage industries (working at home, etc.) - growth of commerce

Households consist of man, his wife and his children, plus domestic servants

Fewer children

Patriarchal; extended families

European settlers brought pre-industrial family structures with them

Romantic love typically not a factor for marriage, most married due to economic necessity

Children worked, played little

Men could physically discipline women

Industrial Revolution - 1800s-1900

Women and children work outside the home at factories

The family unit retained its economic role as a consumer, lost its role as producer

Women were nurturers who worked at home and were supported financially

Younger people married early and moved out

Men threatened by working women

Smaller families

Birth rates declining

Contemporary - 1900s-

1960s, 1970s women began working outside home

Worldwide Living Arrangements/Households - Which type is most common globally

Nuclear Family - demise; David Brooks’ Atlantic article and video “How the nuclear family was a mistake”

Theories for Studying Families -(Systems, Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, Social Exchange, Conflict, Feminist)

Qualitative Research

Gathering non-numerical data via interviews, observations and focus groups. Focuses on understanding people’s behavioural patterns.

Quantitative Research

Gathering numerical data via statistics, surveys, experiments and structured observations.

Primary Sources

Sources that provide first hand information for research. Examples include artifacts, documents, experimental results and interviews.

Secondary Sources

 Sources that provide second hand information for research that have been interpreted and analyzed. Examples include commentaries, literature reviews and articles. 

Scientific Method

The process of establishing facts through testing and experimentation.

Validity & Reliability

Refers to the accuracy and truthfulness of a study's conclusions or results.

Ensures that the research measures what it intends to measure.

CRAAP

Currency: How recent is the information?

Relevance: How pertinent is the information to your research needs?

Authority: What are the qualifications of the author or publisher?

Accuracy: How reliable and truthful is the information?

Purpose: What is the intention or bias of the source?

Jeffrey Arnett - Introduction To Emerging Adulthood

Arnett argues that it takes longer to transition into adulthood today than in the past.

Proposal of a new life stage called "emerging adulthood" between adolescence and young adulthood.

Jeffrey Arnett - Technological Revolution

Shift from manufacturing to knowledge economy.

Increased need for higher education for better job prospects, thus taking away from a faster transition into adulthood due to a need for more education.

Jeffrey Arnett - Sexual Revolution

The separation of sexuality from reproduction and marriage increased the transition period into adulthood; young people do not feel the need to reproduce during this stage of their life.

1964 - Birth control becomes available

Delay in marriage age while early sexual relations start.

Jeffrey Arnett - Women’s Movement

Increased access to education and careers for women.

Changed aspirations and timelines for young women; women are less inclined to get married and start a family at a young age, as there are less societal expectations pushed onto them.

Jeffrey Arnett - Youth Movement

Celebration of youth and delay in assuming adult responsibilities.

Cultural shift towards valuing youth over traditional adulthood.

Jeffrey Arnett - Delayed Adulthood

Average age of marriage has significantly increased.

Greater focus on education and career before committing to family life.

Social and economic changes necessitate longer preparation for stable adulthood.

Jeffrey Arnett - Challenges & Criticism of Emerging Adulthood

Not everyone embraces the idea of prolonged youth.

Criticism from older generations about delayed milestones.

Perception of something being wrong with delayed transitions to stable adulthood.

Jeffrey Arnett - Benefits of Emerging Adulthood

Provides time for personal and professional development.

Freedom to explore diverse career paths and life experiences.

Opportunity for better decision-making in relationships and parenting.

Jeffrey Arnett - Encouragement of Emerging Adulthood

Advocates for embracing the unique freedoms and opportunities of this stage.

Advises against rushing into traditional adulthood before being fully prepared.

Jeffrey Arnett - Summary

Acknowledges that adulthood eventually arrives but stresses the irrevocability of entering it.

Encourages making the most of the freedom and choices available during emerging adulthood.

Generation Jobless Thesis

despite having post-secondary education, the next generation will struggle to find jobs.

Causes of mass youth joblessness and unemployment

work places want employees w/ work experience

university grads w/out experience expect a nice salary BUT are also in debt

technology slowly taken over

What is education inflation?

How is the nature of work changing?

How does the University of Regina guarantee employment?

Problems with teaching in Ontario.. Then vs. Now

Benefits and problems with internships, apprenticeships, co-op?

Switzerland education system?

What is a big part of Canada’s problem w/ education?