IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1

tourism

the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence

and the activities during their stay in those destinations

Travel and Tourism industry

the mix of businesses and agencies who work together to serve the needs of people who travel

T&T industry

Transportation

Attractions

Accommodation providers

Catering

Tourism Information and Guiding services

Tour operators

Travel Agents

classification of tourists

Domestic vs International

Leisure vs Business vs VFR

Overnight vs Day trippers

VFR tourist

visiting friends and relatives

international tourist

when people from overseas visit your country

Domestic Tourist

taking holidays and trips in your own country

Business tourism?

1. meetings - bringing people together to exchange information

2. incentives - travel as a reward for employees

3. conferences - multi day events of at least 100 delegates for the purpose of exchanging information

4. exhibitions - bringing people together to view products

types of business facilities used to host conferences

Quite a few hotels and resorts also have a large conference centre to host conferences eg: Sun City

the types of business facilities used to host exhibitions

1. Sports stadiums

2. Conference centres

3. Universities

4. Ballrooms

Outbound tourism

travelling to a different country for a visit or holiday

Inbound tourism

visitors from overseas coming into the country

Leisure travel

Travelling to relax and enjoy yourself, outside of work hours.

Business travel

Travel for work or professional purposes

Specialist travel

Travel which offers the kind of experience the customer wants

tour operators

Companies that organise package holidays.

Domestic Tour Operators

these companies put together UK holidays for people living in the UK, e.g. Shearings, Haven Holidays.

Outbound Tour Operators

these companies put together holidays for UK residents wanting to go on holiday overseas, e.g. Thompson Holidays, Thomas Cook

Inbound Tour Operators

these companies provide for overseas tourists who want to travel to the UK, e.g. Pathfinders, GTI Travel

role of the travel agent

1. Acts as an agent for a principle

2. To sell holidays and ancilliary products

3. To provide customers with information and booking facilities (an information broker)

4. To advise customers

5. Acts as an intermediary to provide info on holiday packages and info on destinations

Function of Business Travel agents

Make travel arrangements with airlines and large hotel chain accommodation for business tourists

types of travel agents

1. Multiples

2. Miniples

multiples

when a travel agent is a national chain and has branches throughout the country and in other countries as well

miniples

An independent travel agent that is not part of a national chain and have one shop or a few in an area

place of Travel Agents in the Chain of Distribution

PRINCIPAL to WHOLESALE TOUR OPERATOR to RETAIL TRAVEL AGENTS to CUSTOMER

principal

The primary supplier in the T&T CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

examples of principles

Transport providers, accomodation providers, attractions, local tours

function of tour operator

1. Acts as a "product builder" by combining and packaging diff products (eg: hotel, flights, transfers, local tour)

2. creates package holidays

packaging

The process of combining a number of inter-related tourism product and services that offer a customer a comprehensive experience

features of a successful package

1. Designed to appeal to a specific target market

2. Offers a unique, appealing experience at travellers

role of Tour Operators

1. Identify customer needs and then meet those needs and expectations

2. Assemble tourism products from different providers according to customer requirements

3. Provide a co-ordinated and seamless travel experience

4. Reduce prices by negotiating with tourism providers and buying in bulk

5. Issue and deliver travel documentation (eg: tickets and vouchers)

6. Assess the quality of facilities and products

7. Reduce the perceived risk for customers

8. Provide appropriate information by using leaflets, maps, brochures, videos etc.

9. Undertake pre and post market research

10. Promotion on packages in co-operataion with suppliers

11. Complaint handling

Online Travel Services

Some travel agencies now operate only on the internet to save costs of running a shop.

types of accommodation

1. Hotel - at least 10 rooms and a dining room (restaurant)

2. Motel - situated near a road

3. Guesthouse - at least 5 rooms and a dining room

4. Hostel - Simple accommodation for study/sport/holiday tourists with dining/cooking facilities

5. Holiday village or camp - enclosed area for tents/caravans

6. Holiday home - rent out a full house with cooking facilities

7. Visitors apartment

8. Bed and breakast - accommodation in a private house with includes breakfast

serviced accomodation

when you get cleaning and room serviced included in price of room

non-serviced accommodation

sleeping accommodation is provided but you get meals/bars/shops available close by it is not included in price

features of rooms

en-suite bathrooms, wiFi, climate control, telephone, alarm clock, mini-bar, tea/coffee making facilities

rating system used by hotels

stars

things included in 5-star accommodation

excellent service, exceptionally clean and tidy, housekeeping staff 24/7, luxurious décor, wide range of facilities

features included in 3-star accommodation

fewer facilties, less luxurious décor, limited services

catering outlet

a food and beverage facility meeting the needs of customers at a destination or resort

role of a catering outlet

1. A facility that provides food for tourists

2. Can be seen as an attraction itself: eg: some restaurants have historical value, local menu and special atmospheres

types of transport available at a destination

1. Air transport: commercial or charter flights

2. Water transport eg: Cruise or ferry

3. Rail transport

4. Coach transport eg: Express coash services, private hire coaches, tour and excursion coaches, transfer services

5. Car transport eg: car hire or camper van

advantages of rail transport

1. Cheaper

2. You can take more luggage

3. Convenient (usually go from city-centre to city-centre)

4. You don't have to check-in two hours before

advantage of flying Business Class

1. Airline give you a limo to your hotel

2. Separate Check-in desk

3. business class lounge

Regional transport (specific regions in a country)

Local transport that covers large areas or specific regions In the country. Tourists may use regional transport to get around their destination and to visit other local attractions in the region.

National Transport

Transport that can get someone from one part of the country to another. National transport networks are often used for domestic tourism and business tourism.

Global / International transport

Transport networks that travel outside country borders to connect to international destinations.

Role of transport providers

1. Make tourist destinations accessible to their markets

2. all tourism depends on access to transport

things tourists take into account when choosing method of transport

Price

Convenience

Choice of departure points

time of services

purpose of attractions

1. draw visitors to a destination

2. Provide entertainment

3. provide opportunities for relaxation

types of attractions

1. Natural attractions

2. Built attractions

3. Heritage attractions

natural attraction

A natural feature of the environment that is interesting to tourists.

Some natural areas have been built to help protect the environment. EG: mountains, forests and lakes

purpose-built attractions

A man-made attraction that has been built to attract tourists e.g.: shopping, theme parks, museums

Heritage attractions

Attractions associated with history and/or culture.

entertainment venue

Areas that are used to captivate and engage audiences and tourists

examples of entertainment venues

Sports stadiums, theaters, museums

functions of Tourist Information Centres (TIC)

1.Carries a wide range of promotional leaflets, maps and guide books relating to the local region

2. help tourists with booking accommodation, transport or local guided tours

location of TIC’s

1. Points of entry (airports, railway stations and ports)

2. Central locations in major tourist areas

ancillary tourist service

extra products or services that a travel agent might sell to a tourist

examples of ancillary tourist services.

Insurance, bureau de change, sell tickets for theaters and guided tours etc

funtion of National Tourist Boards or Organizations (NTO)

increase tourists coming in to a country

role of the NTO

1. conduct market research for the promotion of tourism in that country

2. Design promotional campaigns for the tourism in the country

3. Establish tourist representative offices in foreign countries

4. to plan for the development of tourist activities in less developed areas of the country

positive economic impacts of tourism

1. job opportunities in the actual industry

2. Increases the cost of living in an area

3. Improves infrastructure in sometimes poor areas

4. Local businesses benefit

5. Stimulates investment in other areas

6. Generates foreign exchange earnings

7. Multiplier effect

Multiplier effect

This happens when injections of new demand for goods and services into the local economy stimulate further rounds of spending - in other words ' one person's spending is another's income'

negative economic effects of tourism

1. Import leakages

2. Export leakages

3. All-inclusive resorts or cruise ships mean tourists never leave the resort/ship and so don't spend money with local businesses

4. Tourist development costs local people (taxpayers) money

5. Govt could be spending money elsewhere on much needed health or education

6. increase demand for basic services will lead to inflation which affects local residents

7. tourism can increase price of houses/land and makes it difficult for local people to live there so they have to move

8. Over-reliance on tourism carries risk for tourism dependent countries e.g.: natural disasters or recessions

Import leakage

tourists demand standards of equipment/food that the host country cannot supply and they have to import them (money leaves the economy)

Export leakage

In LEDC's multinational companies are the only ones that possess capital to invest in construction of tourism infrastructure and facilities and so these overseas investors take their profits back to their country of origin (money leaves the economy)

positive environmental impacts of tourism

1. help protect vulnerable ecosystems, habitats and species

2. raise awareness of the benefits of conservation and protection

3. restore biological diversity

4. can create sustainable use of natural resources

negative environmental effects of tourism

1. soil erosion

2. increased pollution (air, noise and water )

3. natural habitat loss

4. strain on limited water resources

5. pressure on endangered species

6. increased risk of forest fires

Tourism carrying capacity

The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction.

positive Socio-cultural impacts of tourism

1. It can serve as a source of pride in cultural traditions

2. help avoid rural immigration

3. tourism boosts the preservation of cultural and historical traditions

4. improves arts and crafts of a particular culture

negative socio-cultural impacts

1. Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity

2. erosion of traditional culture- the demonstration effect

3. culture clashes

4. commodification,

5. higher crime rates

6. increase in sex tourism

7. changing attitudes of locals towards tourists

8. Globalisation

Culture

A set of shared norms and values which establish a sense of identity for those who share them. Typically applied at the level of nation and/or race.

Demonstration effect

The behaviour that members of the host population copy from the tourists. This can be positive (e.g. not throwing rubbish everywhere) but negative as well.

commodification

Tourism can turn local cultures into products whereby religious rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals are reduced to conform to tourist needs and expectations

globalisation

Tourists want to experience exotic destinations and new facilities, they also want well-known hotels and familiar food brands (McDonalds, KFC)

Loss of authenticity

Adapting cultural activities or performing shows for tourists as if they were happening in real life

Culture clash

In some destinations, tourists often fail to respect local customs and moral values (e.g. sunbathing topless in Ngwe Saung beach)

managing the effects of tourism

1. maximise positive effects and minimize negative effects

2. Manage visitor impacts in a sustainable way.

3. Manage the carrying capacity of a destination so as to avoid the negative impacts

reasons govt want to develop tourism

1. Economic - job creation, increase forex earnings, increasing income which leads to economic growth

2. Political - enhances the image of the country, creates a national identity

3. Socio-cultural - develops a sense of pride and national identity

4. Environmental - conservation etc

ways govt develop tourism

1. they have an official tourism policy

2. they set up a regional and national tourist board

ways govt regulate the T&T industry

1. consumer protection laws

2. fire safety laws in hotels

3. Health and food safety regulations

4. Competency standards of bus and boat operations

5. Enviro protection regulations

6. Aviation regulations

Tourism participation rate

The percentage of the population of a country that participates in tourism both domestic as international

70%-85% in most western countries

15% - 50% in South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia

2%-5% in very poor countries

dominant tourism receiving region in the world

Europe

fastest growing region for tourism

East and South-East Asia

Patterns of demand for International Tourism

Development of tourism has grown 6.5% per year for the last 60 years in the world

Asia 13% per year

Middle East 10%

Americas 5% (declined by over 13% since 1950)

Europe 6% (declined by over 10% since 1950)

cause of most international travel taking place within the traveller's own region

N. Europeans summer in S. Europe

Americans holiday in mexico and Caribbean

because of cost and time implications of travelling