Complete Set: Immune System

Apoptosis

Define: the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth and development.

Histamine

Define: a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and allergic reactions that causes vasodilation.

Immune System

Define: the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death.

Inflammatory Response

Define: occurs when tissue is injured, causing chemical release that leads to blood vessel leakage and swelling.

Lymphocytes

Define: coordinate the activities of adaptive immunity.

Macrophage

Define: irregularly shaped phagocyte and is the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.

Natural Killer Cell

Define: a circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic granules in its extensive cytoplasm.

Neutrophils

Define: a type of white blood cell that help heals damaged tissues and resolves infection.

Phagocytes

Define: the body’s fast acting, first line of immunological defense against that ingest pathogens.

Self Recognition

Define: the ability for the body to distinguish self from foreign antigens.

Innate

The immune that uses the same defenses against all pathogens is called ___ immunity.

Adaptive

The immune that attacks specific pathogens is called ___ immunity.

Pathogens

Define: the bacteria and viruses that enter the body and trigger an immune response.

Phagocytosis

Define: the process of ingesting pathogens.

Tissues

Macrophages exists throughout the body’s ___.

Kupffer Cells

Macrophages located in the liver are called ___.

Liver

Kupffer Cells are located in the ___.

Histocytes

Macrophages located in connective tissue are called ___.

Connective Tissue

Histocytes are located in the ___.

Alveolar Macrophages

Macrophages located in the lungs are called ___.

Lungs

Alveolar Macrophages are located in the ___.

Increase

When someone is sick, there is a(n) ___ in Neutrophils.

Pattern

Receptor that recognize pathogen-specific molecules are ___ Receptors

Vasodilation

Define: the increase in diameter of local blood vessels.

Mast

The ___ cells release chemicals that produce inflammation.

Histamine

The chemical ___ causes vasodilation during inflammation.

Interferon

The chemical ___ inhibits viral replication.

Pyrogens

The chemical ___ promotes fever to help destroy pathogens.

Complement System

The innate immunity system called the ___ consists of plasma proteins activated to attack pathogens.

Complexes

Activated complement proteins form ___ to attack pathogens.

Antibody

Define: the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen associates molecules calla antigens.

B Cells

Define: immune cells that function primarily by producing antibodies.

Dendritic Cells

Define: cells that link innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens.

Antigen

Define: substance on a pathogen that triggers an immune response.

Lymphocytes

The body releases white blood cells called ___ to control adaptive immunity.

Adaptive

Antigens specifically trigger the ___ Immune Response.

Primary Response

The immune system’s first response to a pathogen is called the ___

Secondary Response

The immune system’s response to re-exposure to the same pathogen is called the ___.

Primary Disease

The disease that is caused by a first infections is called the ___.

Faster

In terms of speed, the secondary response is ___ than the primary response.

Memory Cells

The cells that develop after the first exposure and respond during later exposer are called ___.

Antigen Presenting Cells

T Cells only recognize antigens on the surface of specialized cells called ___.

T Cells

The cells that recognizes antigen on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells.

MHC

The proteins that display antigens to T Cells.

Helper T Cell

T Cell with CD4 protein.

Helper T Cell

T Cell that helps to activate other immune system cells.

CD4

Helper T Cells have ___ proteins.

Cytotoxic T Cell

T Cell with CD8 protein.

Cytotoxic T Cell

T Cell that attacks pathogens directly.

CD8

Cytotoxic T Cells have ___ proteins.

IgG

The antibody that makes up 80% of all antibodies.

IgE

The antibody that is involved in allergic reactions.

IgD

The antibody that helps activate B cells.

IgM

The antibody that forms immune complexes with IgG.

IgA

The antibody found in tears, mucus, and saliva.

Dendritic Cells

Cells that present antigens and help activate adaptive immunity.

Lymphatic

Dendritic Cells are commonly found in the ___ organs.

Endocytosis

The process used by Dendritic Cells to engulf pathogens.

Nonself

Dendritic Cell receptors recognize ___ antigens.

Active Immunity

Immunity produced by the infected person making antibodies.

Passive Immunity

Immunity gained when antibodies come from an outside source.

Natural Acquired Immunity

Immunity gained through natural exposure to a pathogen.

Artificial Acquired Immunity

Immunity gained through a non-natural exposure like vaccines.

Artificial Passive Immunity

Immunity from receiving antibodies through medical treatment.

Natural Passive Immunity

Immunity from receiving antibodies from a mother.

Allergy

Define: an immune response to an inert substance.

HIV

Define: a virus that can trigger AIDS.

Anaphylaxis

Define: The most severe allergic reaction.

igE

An overproduction of the antibody __ is made during anaphylaxis.

Mast Cells

Overproduction of IgE antibodies will trigger ___ to release substances causing inflammation

Helper T Cells

The immune cells ___ are destroyed by HIV.

Autoimmunity

Define: the immune systems attacks the body’s own cells.

Lymphatic System

Define: the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood.

Lymph Nodes

Define: the structures that filters debris and pathogens from lymph.

Lymph

Define: the fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries.

Dietary Fats

The lymphatic system transports ___ from the digestive system.

Lacteals

Define: structures in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats.

Chylomicrons

Define: structures that package absorbed fats for transport.

Interstitium

Lymphatic capillaries are distributed throughout the ___.

Interstitium

Define: the space between cells and tissues where fluid is found.

Simple Squamous

The type of epithelium formed in lymphatic capillaries are __.

Venous

Lymphatic fluid eventually flows back into the bloodstream via ___ circulation.

3

Lymphatic vessels have ___ layers.

Smooth Muscle

The muscle that helps contraction of lymphatic vessels from the inside is ___.

Valves

Lymph vessels contain ___ that ensure one-way lymph flow.

Skeletal Muscle

The muscle that helps contraction of lymphatic vessels from the outside is ___.

Right Lymphatic Duct

Define: a major connection between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the right subclavian vein.

Thoracic Duct

Define: a major connection between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the left subclavian vein.

Afferent Vessels

Vessels entering the lymph nodes are ___.

Efferent Vessels

Vessels exiting the lymph nodes are ___.

Cortex

Lymph nodes consist of an outer ___.

Medulla

Lymph nodes consist of an inner ___.

Sinuses

The cortex of lymph nodes have open areas called ___.

Medullary Cords

The medulla of lymph nodes contain __ which are branching structures of lymphatic tissue.

Medullary Sinuses

The medulla of lymph nodes have open areas for ___.

Macrophages

The white blood cells ___ in lymph nodes phagocytize bacteria and debris.

Sinuses

The macrophages in lymph nodes are found in the ___.

Germinal Centers

Lymphocytes are located in ___ of lymph nodes.

Bone Marrow

T and B Lymphocytes are produced in the ___.

Spleen

Define: the lymphatic organ that acts as a blood reservoir.