sociology 201 final exam

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examples/ types of authority

traditional, rational, charismatic; the opposite of authority is coersion

Berger suggest that _____ is the ultimate foundation of any political state

violence

types of democracy

direct democracy and representative democracy

pluralism

power is divided among many special interest groups, so that it is difficult for one group to dominate

power elite

those who make the big decisions in America

the three conditions identified by Nicholas Timasheff that is essential to incite war

a cultural tradition of war, an antagonistic situation in which two or more states confront incompatible objectives and a 'fuel' that heats the antagonistic situation to a boiling point so that war is finally declared.

the first noticeable conditions of social inequality occurred in human societies when:

surplus became available

forms of capitalism

laissez-faire and socialism

the theorist who contended that an item's value is based on the work that has gone into it, and the only way that a profit can be made is to pay workers less than the value of their work was:

Karl Marx

the primary criticisms of socialism and captialism

socialism: does not fully respect individual rights

capitalism: produces severe social inequality

systems of descent

bilateral

patrilineal

matrilineal

functionalist argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm because it:

helps families to avoid role confusion

second shift

women take on house work/ caring for kids along with having a career

marital homogamy

the marriage of people with the similar characteristics

there are approximately _____million married couples in the united states, of which ____ million are mixed marriages

60 million; 3.5 million

marriage squeeze

The effect on marriage of an imbalance between the numbers of males and females

the primary source of strain in the typical one parent family is

money/income

sociologist Blumstein and Schwartz found that same sex couples faced the same problems that heterosexual couples did but they were:

more likely to break up

serial fatherhood

A pattern of parenting in which a father, after a divorce, reduces contact with his own children, serves as a father to the children of the woman he marries or lives with, then ignores these children, too, after moving in with or marrying again.

when it comes to injuries incurred during battering:

gender equality vanishes with more wives than husbands requiring medical attention

credential society

diplomas determine job eligibility

manifest and latent functions of American education system

manifest: intended goals

latent: consequences, not intended

according to conflict theorist, the hidden curriculum perpetuates

social inequality

Durkheim referred to any group of people united by their religious practices as an....

moral community

rituals

Ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred.

cosmology

techniques or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world

the phrase "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed...the opium of the people," can be credited to

Karl Marx

protestant ethic

Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality

Sunday morning between ten and eleven has been called "the most segregated hour in the United States." The reason for this segregation is that people:

most people go to churches ; same racial categories

modernization

changes that result from industrialization

4 types:

General (formal education, life expectancy, residence

Material (industrialized, division of labor)

Social (gender equality, social stratification)

Norms (social controls, tolerance of differences, views of morality)

geopolitics is the realignment of national-regional powers that occurred after:

World War 2

an important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the:

dealing with ethnic conflicts worldwide

multilinear & Unilinear evolutionary theories of societies

Multilinear: different routes lead to the same stage of development

Unilinear: all societies flow the same evolutionary path

according to historian Arnold Toynbee, all civilizations

face challenges to its existence (reach a peak,then decline and die)

According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a ________.

conflict over power (dialectical process of history)

all societies use technology, but chief characteristic of postmodern societies is technology that increases our ability

-communication

-gather information

-travel

Sociologist Mayer Zald suggests that during some periods of time there are very few social movements in a society and, at other times, a wave of social movements will emerge. He suggests that the number of social movements increases:

cultural issues/crisis

different types of social movements

alternative: seeks to alter behavior among individuals

redemptive: seeks total change among individuals

reformative: seeks to alter/reform society

transformative: seek to change/transform society

transnational: seek to change social conditions globally

metaformative: seeks to change the social order of the world

social stratification

A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.

slavery and ancient Greece and Rome

When Greece was a collection of city states, when a new city was conquered; it was common for the remaining people to become slaves. When the roman empire came to power, they did the same. slavery was a sign of debt, crime, or defeat in battle.

India's caste system

Determined by birth and is a lifelong condition. Each caste has a set of acceptable jobs and they marry into their own castes. Formally abolished by the government but is still practice in a de facto manner.

ascribed and achieved statuses

ascribed: things that cannot be changed (race, gender)

achieved: things that are earned by the person

social class according to Marx

Bourgeoisie are those who own the means of production. Proletariat or those who work for the owners

false consciousness

Workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitalists.

social class according to weber

wealth, prestige, and power

ideology versus force as a means to maintain stratification

???

in democracies, the ruling elite use two methods to control information. These two methods include:

technology and media (selective release of information)

the three world model

"First World" refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II

Second World" refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, (formerly the Eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe

"Third World" are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

global stratification

it is an uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige and influence among individuals and groups.

core nations

Countries that industrialized first and became rich and powerful. Ex) Britain, France, Holland, and Germany.

semi-periphery nations

the economy of these nations, located around the Mediterrainean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations

periphery nations

fringe nations, developed even less than semi. Eastern European countries, which sold cash crops to core countries

external areas

areas that are left out of the development of capitalism all together.

wealth and income

wealth: property, something you obtain

income: what you make, the flow of money

income inequality in the United States over the past 60 years

bottom 20%: decrease from 5.4% to 3.4%

top 20%: increase from 41% to 50.4%

democratic facade

power is in the hands of the elite

power elite

those who make the big decisions in America

Erik's Wright's revision of Marx's concept of social classes

1)capitalist

2) petty burgouise

3) managers

4) workers

the social class most shaped by education is the:

upper middle class

The upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next describes ________ mobility.

intergenerational mobility

The working poor and underclass together account for approximately ________ of the U.S. population.

20%

most of the poor in the United States are

white males

feminization of poverty

families headed by mothers have much higher chances of suffering from poverty

the meaning of race

category of people who see themselves and are seen by others as different because characteristics that are assumed to be innate and biologically inherited

minority and dominant groups

minority: group that is being discriminated against or singled out for unequal treatment

dominant: the group with most power, privilege, and social status

ethnic work

the way people construct their ethnicity

4 factors:

1) relative size of group

2) power of group

3) appearance

4) discrimination

prejudice and discrimination

prejudice: an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.

discrimination: an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or group.

individual discrimination

The negative treatment of one person by another

institutional discrimination

How discrimination is woven into the fabric of society

selective perception

seeing certain features of an object or situation but remaining blind to others

reserve labor force

the unemployed

split labor market

workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines' this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers.

colonization

A way for the most industrialized nations to exploit the least industrialized

internal colonialism

the policy of economically exploiting minority groups

assimilation

the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture

genocide

killing or attempted killing of people because presumed race or ethnicity

forced assimilation

the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs

first wave of feminism

goal was to win the vote for women

second wave of feminism

goal was to raise women's pay to changing policies o violence against women and legalizing abortion

glass ceiling

the most invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

sexual harassment

un-welcomed sexual attention at work or at school

Merton's strain theory and five adaptations

we are all socialized to want certain cultural goals but we dont all have the means to attain those goals

-conformity: the most common response to strain and is a non-deviant response

-innovator: wants to achieve cultural goals but uses illegitimate methods

-ritualism: has given up on attaining cultural goals but still clings to conventional means of conduct

-retreatism- rejects cultural goals and means to attain those goals

-rebellionsism: reject cultural goals and tries to replace them with own goals

social control theory

we all want to commit deviant acts but we dont because of inner and outer controls

differential Association

we learn to deviate by those we associate within our lives

the size of the different correctional populations

correctional population: 7 million

behind bars: 2.2 million

community supervision: 4.8 million

1 out of every 32 american adults in the correctional system

formal and informal norms

formal: laws

informal: frowned upon by society

positivism

The application fo the scientific method to the social world. Proposed by Comte during the French Revolution.

values

Ideas of what is desirable in life, how people define what is good and bad.

norms

expectations, rules of behavior governed by a culture's values

mores

norms that are essential to our core values (murder, rape, domestic violence)

taboos

strongly ingrained norm; violation is offensive (cannibalism, incest)

culture

the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group and are passed on through generations.

two types:

1)material

2) non-material

sanctions

reactions to following or breaking the norms

positive: expresses approval of following norm (high-five)

negative: reflects disapproval of breaking norm

gestures

movement of the body to communicate with others

subculture

The Values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larder culture. ex) jobs, religion, status, age.

total institutions

a place that is almost totally controlled by who runs it

role

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

Auguste Comte

founder of sociology

Herbert Spencer

disagreed with Comte about the role of sociologist as reformers

coined the phrase: survival of the fittest

Karl Marx

believed that conflict was caused by economic inequalities

"if your not an owner, your a worker"