Studied by 0 people
took these from @quizlette1313813 quizlet account
examples/ types of authority
traditional, rational, charismatic; the opposite of authority is coersion
Berger suggest that _____ is the ultimate foundation of any political state
violence
types of democracy
direct democracy and representative democracy
pluralism
power is divided among many special interest groups, so that it is difficult for one group to dominate
power elite
those who make the big decisions in America
the three conditions identified by Nicholas Timasheff that is essential to incite war
a cultural tradition of war, an antagonistic situation in which two or more states confront incompatible objectives and a 'fuel' that heats the antagonistic situation to a boiling point so that war is finally declared.
the first noticeable conditions of social inequality occurred in human societies when:
surplus became available
forms of capitalism
laissez-faire and socialism
the theorist who contended that an item's value is based on the work that has gone into it, and the only way that a profit can be made is to pay workers less than the value of their work was:
Karl Marx
the primary criticisms of socialism and captialism
socialism: does not fully respect individual rights
capitalism: produces severe social inequality
systems of descent
bilateral
patrilineal
matrilineal
functionalist argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm because it:
helps families to avoid role confusion
second shift
women take on house work/ caring for kids along with having a career
marital homogamy
the marriage of people with the similar characteristics
there are approximately _____million married couples in the united states, of which ____ million are mixed marriages
60 million; 3.5 million
marriage squeeze
The effect on marriage of an imbalance between the numbers of males and females
the primary source of strain in the typical one parent family is
money/income
sociologist Blumstein and Schwartz found that same sex couples faced the same problems that heterosexual couples did but they were:
more likely to break up
serial fatherhood
A pattern of parenting in which a father, after a divorce, reduces contact with his own children, serves as a father to the children of the woman he marries or lives with, then ignores these children, too, after moving in with or marrying again.
when it comes to injuries incurred during battering:
gender equality vanishes with more wives than husbands requiring medical attention
credential society
diplomas determine job eligibility
manifest and latent functions of American education system
manifest: intended goals
latent: consequences, not intended
according to conflict theorist, the hidden curriculum perpetuates
social inequality
Durkheim referred to any group of people united by their religious practices as an....
moral community
rituals
Ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred.
cosmology
techniques or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world
the phrase "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed...the opium of the people," can be credited to
Karl Marx
protestant ethic
Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality
Sunday morning between ten and eleven has been called "the most segregated hour in the United States." The reason for this segregation is that people:
most people go to churches ; same racial categories
modernization
changes that result from industrialization
4 types:
General (formal education, life expectancy, residence
Material (industrialized, division of labor)
Social (gender equality, social stratification)
Norms (social controls, tolerance of differences, views of morality)
geopolitics is the realignment of national-regional powers that occurred after:
World War 2
an important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the:
dealing with ethnic conflicts worldwide
multilinear & Unilinear evolutionary theories of societies
Multilinear: different routes lead to the same stage of development
Unilinear: all societies flow the same evolutionary path
according to historian Arnold Toynbee, all civilizations
face challenges to its existence (reach a peak,then decline and die)
According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a ________.
conflict over power (dialectical process of history)
all societies use technology, but chief characteristic of postmodern societies is technology that increases our ability
-communication
-gather information
-travel
Sociologist Mayer Zald suggests that during some periods of time there are very few social movements in a society and, at other times, a wave of social movements will emerge. He suggests that the number of social movements increases:
cultural issues/crisis
different types of social movements
alternative: seeks to alter behavior among individuals
redemptive: seeks total change among individuals
reformative: seeks to alter/reform society
transformative: seek to change/transform society
transnational: seek to change social conditions globally
metaformative: seeks to change the social order of the world
social stratification
A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.
slavery and ancient Greece and Rome
When Greece was a collection of city states, when a new city was conquered; it was common for the remaining people to become slaves. When the roman empire came to power, they did the same. slavery was a sign of debt, crime, or defeat in battle.
India's caste system
Determined by birth and is a lifelong condition. Each caste has a set of acceptable jobs and they marry into their own castes. Formally abolished by the government but is still practice in a de facto manner.
ascribed and achieved statuses
ascribed: things that cannot be changed (race, gender)
achieved: things that are earned by the person
social class according to Marx
Bourgeoisie are those who own the means of production. Proletariat or those who work for the owners
false consciousness
Workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitalists.
social class according to weber
wealth, prestige, and power
ideology versus force as a means to maintain stratification
???
in democracies, the ruling elite use two methods to control information. These two methods include:
technology and media (selective release of information)
the three world model
"First World" refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II
Second World" refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, (formerly the Eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe
"Third World" are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
global stratification
it is an uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige and influence among individuals and groups.
core nations
Countries that industrialized first and became rich and powerful. Ex) Britain, France, Holland, and Germany.
semi-periphery nations
the economy of these nations, located around the Mediterrainean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations
periphery nations
fringe nations, developed even less than semi. Eastern European countries, which sold cash crops to core countries
external areas
areas that are left out of the development of capitalism all together.
wealth and income
wealth: property, something you obtain
income: what you make, the flow of money
income inequality in the United States over the past 60 years
bottom 20%: decrease from 5.4% to 3.4%
top 20%: increase from 41% to 50.4%
democratic facade
power is in the hands of the elite
power elite
those who make the big decisions in America
Erik's Wright's revision of Marx's concept of social classes
1)capitalist
2) petty burgouise
3) managers
4) workers
the social class most shaped by education is the:
upper middle class
The upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next describes ________ mobility.
intergenerational mobility
The working poor and underclass together account for approximately ________ of the U.S. population.
20%
most of the poor in the United States are
white males
feminization of poverty
families headed by mothers have much higher chances of suffering from poverty
the meaning of race
category of people who see themselves and are seen by others as different because characteristics that are assumed to be innate and biologically inherited
minority and dominant groups
minority: group that is being discriminated against or singled out for unequal treatment
dominant: the group with most power, privilege, and social status
ethnic work
the way people construct their ethnicity
4 factors:
1) relative size of group
2) power of group
3) appearance
4) discrimination
prejudice and discrimination
prejudice: an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.
discrimination: an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or group.
individual discrimination
The negative treatment of one person by another
institutional discrimination
How discrimination is woven into the fabric of society
selective perception
seeing certain features of an object or situation but remaining blind to others
reserve labor force
the unemployed
split labor market
workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines' this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers.
colonization
A way for the most industrialized nations to exploit the least industrialized
internal colonialism
the policy of economically exploiting minority groups
assimilation
the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture
genocide
killing or attempted killing of people because presumed race or ethnicity
forced assimilation
the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs
first wave of feminism
goal was to win the vote for women
second wave of feminism
goal was to raise women's pay to changing policies o violence against women and legalizing abortion
glass ceiling
the most invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work
sexual harassment
un-welcomed sexual attention at work or at school
Merton's strain theory and five adaptations
we are all socialized to want certain cultural goals but we dont all have the means to attain those goals
-conformity: the most common response to strain and is a non-deviant response
-innovator: wants to achieve cultural goals but uses illegitimate methods
-ritualism: has given up on attaining cultural goals but still clings to conventional means of conduct
-retreatism- rejects cultural goals and means to attain those goals
-rebellionsism: reject cultural goals and tries to replace them with own goals
social control theory
we all want to commit deviant acts but we dont because of inner and outer controls
differential Association
we learn to deviate by those we associate within our lives
the size of the different correctional populations
correctional population: 7 million
behind bars: 2.2 million
community supervision: 4.8 million
1 out of every 32 american adults in the correctional system
formal and informal norms
formal: laws
informal: frowned upon by society
positivism
The application fo the scientific method to the social world. Proposed by Comte during the French Revolution.
values
Ideas of what is desirable in life, how people define what is good and bad.
norms
expectations, rules of behavior governed by a culture's values
mores
norms that are essential to our core values (murder, rape, domestic violence)
taboos
strongly ingrained norm; violation is offensive (cannibalism, incest)
culture
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group and are passed on through generations.
two types:
1)material
2) non-material
sanctions
reactions to following or breaking the norms
positive: expresses approval of following norm (high-five)
negative: reflects disapproval of breaking norm
gestures
movement of the body to communicate with others
subculture
The Values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larder culture. ex) jobs, religion, status, age.
total institutions
a place that is almost totally controlled by who runs it
role
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
Auguste Comte
founder of sociology
Herbert Spencer
disagreed with Comte about the role of sociologist as reformers
coined the phrase: survival of the fittest
Karl Marx
believed that conflict was caused by economic inequalities
"if your not an owner, your a worker"
