unit 5 APHG

agriculture unit

agribusiness

the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

agriculture

the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival

agricultural hearth

an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

agricultural landscape

a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location's natural environment

aquaculture

the cultivation or farming (in controlled conditions) of aquatic species, such as fish

Bid-Rent Theory

a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined

biotechnology

the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests

cash crop

a crop produced mainly to be sold and usually exported to larger markets

central business district (CBD)

the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services

climate

the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area

climate region

an area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior

clustered settlement

a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492

commercial agriculture

an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase

commodity chain

a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product

crops

grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

crop rotation

the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

dairy farming

an agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter

deforestation

loss of forest lands

desertification

a form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desertlike condition

dispersed settlement

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area

domestication

the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

dual agricultural economy

an economy having two agrictutural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

economies of scale

cost reductions that occur when production rises

extensive agriculture

an agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs

fair trade

a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions

Fertile Crescent

a hearth in Southwest Asia that forms an arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up into what is now western Turkey and then south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to western parts of modern Iran

First Agricultural Revolution

the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

food desert

area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away

food insecurity

the disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food

food security

reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup

Green Revolution

movement beginning in the 1950s and 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops

herbicide

chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any plants that might cause a disruption in the growth of the desired product

hunting and gathering

the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance

infrastructure

the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

intensive agriculture

an agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

irrigation

a man-made system whereby water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production

linear settlement

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route

livestock

domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit

long lot system

a settlement pattern in southern Quebec and some other areas of Canada where individual lots tend to be long and narrow and extend back from major rivers or roads

luxury crops

a crop that is grown to serve some purpose other than sustaining human life (ex. coffee, tobacco, etc.)

market gardening

a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area

Mediterranean agriculture

an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats

metes and bounds system

a method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land

• used before things such as drones allowed people to see above the land; landmarks included roads, hills, rocks, etc.

mixed crop and livestock system

a type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit

monocropping

the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

monoculture

the agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

nomadic herding

a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

organic farming

the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

pesticides

chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop

plantation agriculture

a type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

precipitation

any liquid or solid water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth

precision agriculture

a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment

ranching

a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area

salinization

the process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water

Second Agricultural Revolution

a change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques, that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century

shifting cultivation

the agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated

slash-and-burn

a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land

subsistence agriculture

an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

supply chain

a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

tariff

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports

terrace farming

method of farming used on hilly or mountainous terrain where steps are carved into steep land to provide a flat area for farming and irrigation

Third Agricultural Revolution

a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present-day

topography

the representation of earth's surface to show natural and man-made features, especially their relative positions and elevations

township and range system

a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior

transhumance

the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

urban farming

the cultivation, processing and distribution of agricultural products in urban and suburban areas

vertical integration

the combining of a company's ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods

Von Thunen Model of Agriculture

a model that suggests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity

wetland

an area of land that is covered by water or saturated with water

primary economic activities

ones that involve extracting something from the earth: agriculture, hunting, fishing, mining, forestry, quarrying, etc.

• involves ALL farmers

secondary economic activities

ones that take a "primary" product and change it into something else

• these include all kinds of manufacturing - textiles, electronic, processing foods for packaging, etc.

• ex. food companies such as Nestle and Kraft

tertiary economic activities

those service industries that connect producers to consumers, assist commerce, assist commerce, or help people get their needs met

• these include supermarkets, clothing stores, bankers, doctors, lawyers, nurses, etc.

• grocery stores, department stores, and markets

quaternary and quinary economic activities

(2) generally considered sub-divisions of the tertiary sector

• they are still service providers but more specialized

quaternary economic activities

information providers - consultants, computer experts, researchers, teachers, college professors

• researchers developing new strains of plants and animals

• developers of new machinery and technology

quinary economic activities

high-level decision-makers, CEOs (like Mark Zuckerberg), government policy makers, hospital presidents, etc.

• have HUGE impacts on the industry

first ring of the Von Thunen Model

market-oriented gardens and milk producers because they spoil quickly and are expensive to deliver

second ring of the Von Thunen Model

wood for timber and fuel use - close by because it's bulky and heavy to transport

third ring of the Von Thunen Model

various crops and pasture; easier to transport and need more space

fourth ring of the Von Thunen Model

animal grazing which requires a lot of space -- land is cheaper here

bid

how much it costs

rent

how much you make

Domesticated plants and animals in East Asia

rice, cattle

Domesticated plants and animals in Mexico and the Andes

maize (corn), potatoes, llamas, alpacas

Domesticated plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent

wheat, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and camels

Domesticated plants and animals in West Africa

yams (NOT the same thing as sweet potatoes), domesticated animals brought to the region by expansion diffusion from the Fertile Crescent (most animals from this region cannot be domesticated)

Early hearths of the domestication of plants and animals

• Fertile Crescent

• Indus River Valley (India)