Biology: Ch 10-12; 15

plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ___.

Infants born with weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or heaver at birth.

Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?

Animalia

The common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomic classification: Mus, Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Kingdom?

The post-bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population.

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which statement is most likely to apply to this population?

natural selection

In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was ___.

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the brightest tails.

Which situation is an example of sexual selection?

involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ___.

results in evolutionary adaptation

Natural selection ___.

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

Which statement is TRUE?

common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of ___.

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

Natural selection can be defined as ___.

mutation

Which process can create new alleles?

Understanding evolution helps us to understand why stars and galaxies change over time.

Which is NOT a benefit of the understanding of evolution to understanding the field of biology?

the amniotic egg

A feature that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ___.T

They all have a notochord sometime during their life cycle.

Which characteristic is common to all chordates?

colonial, flagellated protist

The common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a ___.

Animals obtain nutrients by eating.

Which mode of nutrition characteristic distinguishes animals from other eukaryotes?

Insects

___ are the most diverse group of arthropods.

eutherians

Placental mammals are called ___.

skull and a backbone

Unique features of vertebrates include the presence of a(n) ___.

having four feet

What does the term “tetrapod” mean?

arthropods

There are more species of ___ than of any other type of animal.

polyp

The stationary stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ___ stage.

Cnidarians

___ are characterized body tissues, radial symmetry, and tentacles with stinging cells.

one that is heavily forested

At a natural history museum, you see a skeleton with the following characteristics: four long, slender finger bones and a smaller opposable thumb bone, and larger feet with long toes. In what type of environment would you expect this organism to have lived?

Monotremes

___ are the mammalian group that lays eggs.

Africa

Where did humans first appear?

chitin

The arthropod skeleton is composed of ___.

Nuclear transplantation involves replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus from an adult body cell.

With animal cloning in mind, clearly explain what nuclear transplantation is.

sheep / Dolly

What was the first mammal to be successfully cloned? What was her name?

Genetically identical animals provide perfect control animals for experiments.

Explain how cloning animals may be useful in scientific experiments.

It may not be viable because cloned animals aren’t as healthy as naturally produced animals and it detracts from efforts to preserve natural habitats.

One of the applications of animal cloning is to clone endangered animals to prevent them from going extinct. Explain why cloning endangered animals may not be a viable option.

Embryonic stem cells are cells that can divide indefinitely. They may be useful to repair injured or diseased organs and can stimulate to grow into any cell.

What are embryonic stem cells? How may ES cells be useful in the medical field?

Gene therapy alters people’s genes. It treats disease by introducing new genes into an afflicted person. A mutant version of a gene may be replaced or supplemented with the normal allele.

What is gene therapy? How can it be used to treat disease?

Genetically Modified Organisms

What does the letters GMO stand for?

• corn engineered to resist attack by European corn borer

• strawberry plants engineered to produce bacterial proteins that act as natural antifreeze

• watermelon without seeds

Name 3 ways in which GMOs are used in agricultural crops.

• pigs to carry a roundworm gene whose protein converts less healthy fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids.

• a gene in a variety of cattle that causes development of larger muscles and transferred that gene into other cattle or chickens.

Name 2 examples genetic engineering in agricultural animals.

A scientific project to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome.

What is the Human Genome Project?

3 billion

Chromosomes in the human genome contain about ___ nucleotide pairs.

21,000

How many human genes are there (similar to round worms)?

Carl Linnaeus

Who is considered the father of taxonomy?

Canidae: dae → family

Which of the following is a family?

When individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other traits.

Define Natural Selection.

Similarity resulting from common ancestry.

What is homology?

vertebrate forelimbs (bats, humans, whales)

Provide an example of homology.

natural selection / genetic drift

Name two mechanisms of evolution.

bottleneck effect / founder effect

Name two mechanisms of genetic drift.

The bottleneck effect happens when a disaster kills a large number of individuals. The remaining population is unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original population. For example, the cheetah population was affected by changing habitat and hunters, so the repopulation lost traits that were once common.

Using an example - explain what the bottleneck effect is (in the context of genetics).

The founder effect is when few individuals colonize an isolated area. The genetic makeup is a sample of the gene pool in the larger population. For example, if birds migrate and find a new habitat, the individuals do not represent the entire species.

Using an example - explain what the founder effect is.

It is a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals obtain mates.

What is sexual selection?

Stabilizing selection selects against the more extreme variants of phenotypes. It occurs in relatively stable environments. This keeps the majority of human birth weights between 3-4 kg because when babies are much lighter or heaver, mortality is greater.

What is stabilizing selection? Explain how baby birthweights is an example of stabilizing selection.

• eukaryotic

• multicellular

• heterotrophic

• obtain nutrients by eating

Name at least 4 general characteristics of an animal.

cnidarians

This group of organisms is characterized by the presence of tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes).

• gastropods: snail

• bivalves: clams

• cephalopods: octopus

Name the 3 main groups of mollusks and an example of each.

People get infected with tapeworms by eating undercooked beef, pork, or fish containing tapeworm larvae. They can be avoided by cooking food to the proper temperature.

What is the main way people get infected with tapeworms, and how can this be avoided?

Arachnids have 4 pairs of walking legs (ex: spider). Insects typically have 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen) (ex: grasshopper).

Explain the basic difference between arachnids and insects - use examples.

Venom has to be injected into the body. Poison can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed.

Explain the difference between poisonous and venomous.

colonial flagellated protist

Scientists hypothesize that animals evolved form a ___.

colossal squid / largest living invertebrate (average length 13m)

The ___, discovered in the ocean depths near Antarctica, is the ___.

Nematodes (roundworms)

___ get their name from their cylindrical body – usually tapered at both ends – one of the most numerous and widespread of all animals.

venom

In spiders these feeding appendages are fang-like and equipped with ___ glands.

False

True or false: rattle snakes are poisonous.