Neuroanatomy Chapter 1 and 2

What makes up the central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

all the nerves coming out of the CNS, ganglia

afferent nerves are what kind of information

sensory

efferent nerves are what kind of information

motor

which nerves arrives at the CNS

afferent

which nerves exits the CNS

efferent

Describe the pathway of the nervous system

PNS detects sensory stimuli, afferent neurons sends that input to the CNS, the CNS processes and interprets the input, makes a decision what to do, and sends the signal out via efferent neurons out to the body

what are some examples of afferent stimuli

eyes, skin, nose, ears (sensory)

what are some examples of efferent stimuli

glands, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle (motor)

a nerve is what

a bundle of axons in the PNS

a tract or system is what

a bundle of axons in the CNS

a nuclei or nucleus is what

a collection of cell bodies in the CNS

a ganglia is what

a collection of cell bodies in the PNS

what does the somatic nervous system involve

conscious (voluntary) movement of the skeletal muscles and sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles

what does the visceral nervous system control

unconscious (involuntary) control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and sensory information from internal organs

what are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

what nervous system controls the skeletal muscles

somatic

which nervous system controls cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

visceral

is somatic voluntary or involuntary

voluntary (conscious)

Is this sympathetic or parasympathetic? your heart is pounding, hands are a little sweaty, and your pupils are wide.

sympathetic

Is this sympathetic or parasympathetic? you finished eating and are relaxing on the couch. your stomach is churning gently, and you start to feel sleepy

parasympathetic

neurons are connected to each other by

synapse

what is the role of axon terminal

to release and send neurotransmitters

what is the role of the synaptic cleft

gap between the 2 neurons for neurotransmitters to travel across

what is the role of dendrites

to receive the neurotransmitters

what are the three things that makes the synapse

axon terminal, synaptic gap, and dendrites

this interconnect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere

association fibers

this reciporcally connects areas of cortex in one hemisphere with corresponding areas of the opposite hemisphere

commissural fibers

this carries information to and from the cerebral cortex

projection fibers

where is the largest set of commissural fibers found

corpus callosum

these passes through the cerebrum and contains all the fibers traveling between the cortex, the deep forebrain structures, and the spinal cord

internal capsule

what are the three primary germ layers of the embryo

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

which germ layer forms the nervous system and the epidermis

ectoderm

what does the mesoderm give rise to

connective tissues (cartilage/bone), muscles, blood, heart, kidneys, reproductive organs

which germ layer forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

endoderm

which germ layer is responsible for forming the brain

ectoderm

which germ layer forms the circulatory and skeletal systems

mesoderm

which layer becomes the inner lining of the gut and lungs

endoderm

at how many weeks does the ectoderm thickens and forms the neural plate

3 weeks

which germ layer thickens and forms the neural plate

ectoderm

the sides of the neural plate folds and forms what

the neural tube

what does the neural tube develop into

CNS

what does the neural crest develop into

PNS and other specialized structures

what structures comes from the neural tube

brain, spinal cord and retina

what cells migrate during development to form parts of the PNS

neural crest cells

are sensory neurons located in the anterior or posterior root

posterior ( dorsal) root

are motor neurons located in the anterior or posterior root

anterior (ventral) root

where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located

in the dorsal root ganglia, just outside the spinal cord

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located

in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, within the spinal cord

prosencephalon is the

forebrain

mesencephalon is the

midbrain

rhombencephalon is the

hindbrain

what are the three primary brain vesicles

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

what does the prosencephalon give rise to

telencephalon

diencephalon

the cerebral hemisphere are formed by the

telencephalon

the thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus are formed by the

diencephalon

what does the mesencephalon become

it stays the mesencephalon, which becomes the midbrain

what does the rhombencephalon give rise to

metencephalon

myelencephalon

the pons and cerebellum are formed by the

metencephalon

the medulla is formed by the

mylencephalon

which vesicles becomes the thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

which vesicles forms the pons and cerebellum

metencephalon

which vesicle forms the medulla

myelencephalon

this matter is made up of mostly neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

gray matter

this matter is made up of myelinated axons

white matter

where is gray matter found in the brain

deep structures like forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord

where is white matter found in the brain

on the outside, more under cortex, surrounding the gray matter

what is the main function of gray matter

processing an integrating information

what is the main function of white matter

transmitting signals between the brain and spinal cord

the outer layer of gray matter in the brain is the

cerebral cortex

_______ is split into two halves making left and right cerebral hemispheres

cerebrum

this part of the brain relays sensory signals

thalamus

this part of the brain is for hunger, hormones, and body temperature

hypothalamus

this part of the brain is for movement

subthalamus

the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala is involved in

movement, memory, and emotions

left and right parts of the brain are

hemisphers

deep grooves in the brain are called

fissures

these fissures separates left and right hemispheres

longitudinal

these fissures separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe

lateral

shallower grooves/folds in the brain are called

sulci

gyri/gyrus are more like

hills or bumps

sulci are more like

creases or valleys

A group of interconnected nuclei in the forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain involved in the initiation and control of voluntary movements is the

basal ganglia

what are the main components of the basal ganglia in the forebrain

caudate and lenticular nucleus

which nucleus includes the putamen and globus pallidus

lenticular nucleus

where is the subthalamic nucleus located

in the diencephalon

where is the substantia nigra located

in the midbrain

where is the hippocampus and amygdala located

in the forebrain

what does the amygdala help with

emotions

what does the hippocampus help with

storing and forming memories

this is the gatekeeper for all sensory information except olfactory

thalamus

this coordinates and integrates endocrine, autonomic, and homeostatic functions

hypothalamus

the ventricular system is filled with what

cerebral spinal fluid

name the four main ventricles in the brain

-two lateral ventricles

-third ventricle

-fourth ventricle

how do the lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle

interventricular foramina

where is the third ventricle located

diencephalon

where is the fourth ventricle located

between the pons and medulla

where does the fourth ventricle connect to the third

cerebral aqueduct

where is the CSF produced

lateral ventricles (choroid plexus)

what are the functions of CSF

buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability