PHAR 122 Study Sheet Drug Info

what is drug information

the discovery, use, and management about medications, used to inform evidence-based medicine which can be patient specific or for a given patient population

what is evidence-based medicine and what does it integrate?

• use of best available drug information and evidence from clinical research to make informed decisions about the care of patients

• integrates clinical expertise, patient values, and the best available evidence

what are the 5 key characteristics of expert?

1. be skeptical

2. be curious

3. be reflective

4. be collaborative

5. be ethical

what is human subjects research (HSR)?

• research involving a living individual about whom data or biospecimens are obtained/used/studied/analyzed through interaction/intervention OR identifiable, private information is used/studied/analyzed/generated

describe the historical event: declaration of Helsinki

• clinical research must be based on animal and lab research

• patient should be fully informed and freely consenting

describe the historical event: national research act of 1974

• clinical research with humans now required prior independent review

  • origin of the institutional review board (IRB)

describe the historical event: belmont report

• discusses ethical principles and guidelines for HSR (human subject research) in response to Tuskegee Syphilis Study

describe the historical event: code of federal regulations (CFR)- Title 45

• covers data confidentiality of patients

• increases protections for four specific populations in research

  • pregnant woman

  • human fetus & neonates

  • children

  • prisoners

define informed consent

process of obtaining consent from participants who havebeen fully informed about the research

what is the IRB

group of individuals that review research proposals prior to the experiment for appropriate ethical conduct (institutional review board)

what is the appropriate resource for pregnancy & lactation?

• drugs in pregnancy and lactation

• Briggs —UptoDate

what is the appropriate resource for pediatric pharmacotherapy

the harriet lane handbook

what is the appropriate resource for natural/herbal medications

natural medicines

what is the appropriate resource for general drug information (dosing, side effects, interactions, IV compatibility, etc)

• lexicomp/UptoDate

• clinical pharmacology

what is the appropriate resource for updated evidence based reviews and expert opinons?

• pharmacists letter

• UptoDate

what is the appropriate resource for diagnosis and management of patients

clinical guidelines (disease state specific)

what is the appropriate resource for drug availability, shortages, and pricing

ASHP drug shortages

what is the appropriate resource for vaccine schedule

CDC website

what is the appropriate resource for adverse events reporting/new drug approvals

FDA website

what are primary sources, its roles and examples?

• provide original data or first-hand evidence (direct result of clinical trials, research studies, or case reports) presenting new info or discoveries

• good for in-depth research, answering complex clinical questions, develop guidelines and conducting systematic reviews

• ex: Medical Journals

what are advantages and limitations of primary sources?

advantages:

• provide most current, specific, and detailed info

• allow for critical appraisal and direct access to data

• good for evidence based practice or research

limitations:

• time consuming to review and read

• require advanced knowledge to evaluate

• might have bias, conflicting findings, hard to draw conclusion

what are secondary sources, its role and examples?

• any resources that indexes primary or tertiary literature found in journals with the goal of directing user to relevant literature

• indexing: provide bibliographic and citation info

• abstracting: provide citation info AND abstract/description of cited source

• ex: PubMed, Scopus

what are the advantages and limitations of secondary sources?

advantages:

• indexing - broad coverage and efficient search

• abstracting: content summarization and efficiency

limitations:

• indexing - lack of content insight and time consuming

• abstracting potential bias and limited coverage

what are tertiary sources, its role, and examples?

• info filtered and summarized by author or editor

• usually good place to start search!

• ex: Lexicomp, UptoDate, Clinical Guidelines, textbooks

what are the advantages and limitations of tertiary sources?

advantages

• easy to use and access for quick reference

• concise and syntesized info

• user friendly

limitations

• may oversimplify or omit detailed info

• delayed info vs primary sources'

• bias and inaccuracy

what are alternate sources, its role and examples

• supplementary materials and practical tools that may not fit traditional categories but are valuable in specific contexts

• good for real-world applications, patient education, and supp info

• complement traditional resources

• ex: Mayo Clinic, FDA.com, Specific healthcare org websites (ADA)

what are the 8 drug information question-process? describe

1. receive: determine who requestor is, urgency, contact info

2. clarify: ask follow-up questions to provide more context to the request, collect pt info

3. classify: organize and classify request to identify best resources to use

4. search: use appropriate search strategy - Tertiary<secondary<primary, confirm w/ multiple sources

5. analyze: evaluate info in resources for accuracy, discrepancies, bias, etc

6. formulate: formulate response based on requesters background, preference

7. communicate: give response that match requestor’s health literacy level and preferred method in timely manner

8. follow up: check if requestor has q’s and if info was received/resolved

what are 5 key communication factors for healthcare professionals

1. clarity and precision

2. conciseness

3. contextualization

4. supporting evidence

5. professional tone

what are 5 key communication factors for layperson

1. simplicity and accessibility

2. empathy and reassurance

3. visual aids and examples

4. cultural sensitivity

5. encouraging questions

what is pharmacy informatics

scientific field that focuses on the study, design, and application of systems that manage health data to improve decision-making and outcomes

what are patient-specific information

medications, medical history, lab results

what is HIPAA

protection for the privacy of an individual’s health information / providers must inform patient of privacy rights

what is the HITECH act (health information technology for economic and clinical health)

• goal is to improve pt care using interoperable electronic health record (EHR) systems

• interoperability: the ability for EHRs to connect or talk to eo

what are digital therapeutics

the use of technology to improve pt care

what is AI

science of creating software solutions that mimic human intelligence

what is knowledge-based information

clinical guidelines, lab reference ranges, possible drug side effects

what is alert fatigue

• clinicians may become irritable or exhausted after being exposed to too many alerts

• can lead to ignoring some alerts which reduces safety benefits of decision support system

what are the advantages/disadvantages of AI in healthcare

• advantage: can be used to increase efficiency

• disadvantage: can lead to confabulation (hallucination) - false info & resources

how is technology used to prescribe

• computerized provider order entry

• electronic prescribing

• clinical decision support systems (CDSS)

how is technology used to transcribe

• pharmacy computer systems

• evidence-based medicine (EBM) tools

• clinical decision support system (CDSS)

how is technology used to dispense

• automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs)

• bar code verification

how is technology used to administer

• bar-coding at point of care (BPOC)

• electronic medication administration records

• smart pumps

how is technology used to monitor

• adverse drug event monitoring

• prescription drug monitoring programs

• pt digital health tools

what are the 4 principles of healthcare ethics? define and give examples

• beneficence

  • whatever is done or said is for the pt’s good

  • ex: benefits of treatment must outweigh risks

• autonomy

  • respect for person and their right to self-determination

  • ex: it is pt’s right to decide which treatments they do

• nonmaleficence

  • whatever is done or said will do the pt no harm

  • ex: never lie to pt

• justice

  • equitable allocation of healthcare resources according to need

  • ex: treat pt based on medical needs

what does CRAAP stand for?

• currency: timeliness of info

• relevance: importance of info for needs

• authority: source of info

• accuracy: reliability, truthfulness and correctness of content

• purpose: reason the info exists