APUSH Review

everything I didn't understand from unit 1 - 9

Caste system

a system where people are born into groups, with fixed social and occupational positions, which led to social and economic inequalities. In the case of the Spanish conquistadors (PD 1), it was a way to determined who got taxed and what amount.

Period 1

1491-1607

Period 2

1607-1754

Period 3

1754-1800

Period 4

1800-1848

Period 5

1844-1877

Period 6

1865-1898

Period 7

1890-1945

Period 8

1945-1980

Period 9

1980-present

what happened in 1607 (end of period 1)?

Jamestown settlement founded in Virginia

What happened in 1754 (end of period 2)?

the start of the French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

why did the french and indian war start?

the french and british had rising tensions about each other’s encroachment on their territory

What happened in 1800 (end of period 3)?

the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson vs John Adams, power transferred from the Federalist Party to Republican Party

what happened in 1848 (end of period 4)?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (ended Mexican-American War), Seneca Falls Convention

what happened in 1877 (end of period 5)?

the Compromise of 1877, end of Reconstruction

what happened in 1898 (end of period 6)?

the Spanish-American War broke out

what happened in 1945 (end of period 7)?

end of WW2

what happened in 1980 (end of period 8)?

the election of Ronald Reagan as President, the start of a conservative movement

what was the Panic of 1893?

a quarter of railroads filed for bankruptcy, regional monopolies created over the fact that 7 major entities owned all remaining railroads

what was vertical integration?

business practice founded by Andrew Carnegie (steel), where a business would control every step of the production process

what was horizontal integration?

business practice founded by John D. Rockefeller (oil), where a business/corporation would buy all other businesses in competition

what was Social Darwinism (1880s)?

an ideology where some people are “more fit” than others, and thus are more deserving of power and resources

what was the Gospel of Wealth (1889)?

an essay published by Andrew Carnegie in which wealthy people have a God-given obligation to give back to society

What was the American Federation of Labor (1886)?

focused on organized + skilled workers in hopes to imrpove wages, hours, and working conditions

how did labor unions react to increased immigration of Germans, Scandinavians, and Irish people?

they opposed their immigration, since they worked for cheaper wages, which would make them get hired more than native workers

what was the Homestead Act of 1862?

granted government land to any American citizen who has never opposed the U.S. government, on the condition that they live + cultivate that land for five years

what was the reservation system (1851)?

Indian tribes were assigned tracts of land to live on, with stricter boundaries than the Oklahoma Territory (they never listened to these boundaries and followed the buffalo)

what was the Dawes Act of 1887?

broke up tribal organizations in attempt to integrate Native Americans in society

what was the National Grange Movement (1867)?

what were political machines?

corrupt organizations between political bosses + their followers. EX: Tammany Hall (1786-1840), organized businesses + immigrants in order to gain political power, influence, and immigrant loyalty

what were settlement houses?

place that provided social services in order to enrich neighborhoods. EX: Hull House (1889), founded by Jane Addams in order to teach early childhood education and teach immigrants english

what were tenements?

apartment buildings in the late 19th century and early 20th century in order to accommodate the influx of immigrant and urban workers. they were unsanitary, unsafe, and very crammed

what was the Social Gospel (1870-1920)?

Protestant movement/ideology where Christian principles should be applied to fix societal wrongs

what was the “New South” (1877-1910)?

created by Henry Grady (newspaper editor on the Atlantic Constitution), future based by economic diversity, industrial growth, and laissez-faire capitalism

what was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

court case that established the “separate but equal” doctrine, which rules racial segregation as constitutional, as long as the public accommodations were equal

what was the Populist Party (1892-1909) platform?

correct the concentration of economic power held by bands + trusts; direct election of senators, allow people to propose and vote on legislation, unlimited coinage of silver, tax based on income, 8 hour workday

what was Manifest Destiny (1845)?

Americans thought they had a “god-given” right to possess a nation from the Atlantic to Pacific. Justified through superiority of American culture, religion, technology, + democracy.

which territories/states were added during the Polk presidency?

Part of the Oregon Territory, Texas, and the Mexican Cession

what states were gained in the Mexican Cession?

California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico

what caused the Mexican-American War (1846)?

Dispute about Texas borders (Rio Grande vs Nueces River), Polk sent troops to push border

what was the Wilmot Proviso (1846)?

a failed proposal where slavery would be prohibited in any territory gained from Mexico

what was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)?

ended the Mexican-American War (American win), established southern border of U.S. (Rio Grande), granted the whole Mexican Cession to the US

How was the debate of slavery addressed in 1844-1877?

the Compromise of 1850, by Henry Clay, where Utah + New Mexico would be popular sovereignty, California a free state, slave trade outlawed in DC, Fugitive Slave Act

What was the Dred Scott decision (1857)?

After living in a free state for two years, he was forced to return to slavery due to the fact that he could sue; slaves were seen as property, therefore they could not use, but this also posed the juxtaposition of slavery being “allowed: everywhere even though it was not

what were Border States?

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri - were a part of the Union, despite being slave states

what did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do?

first federal law to define everyone born in the US as a citizen with certain unalienable rights

what did the 13th amendment do (1865)?

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the US

what did the 14th amendment do (1866)?

granted citizenship to everyone born in the US, including former slaves, and guaranteed equal protections of its laws

what did the 15th amendment do (1870)?

protected voting rights of former slaves

what was the American System (1816)?

Protective tariffs, 2nd National Bank, Government funded roads, railroads, and canals

what was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

warned European nations that the United States would no longer tolerate colonization or monarchy

what was the corrupt bargain (1824)?

Henry Clay elected John Adams as president, who then made Clay Secretary of State

what was the first party system?

the political party system, lasting between ~1792 to 1824, made up of the Federalist Party (Alexander Hamilton), and the Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans) (Thomas Jefferson)

what was the second party system?

the political party system, lasting between ~1828 to 1854, made up of the Democratic Party (Andrew Jackson), and the Whig Party (Henry Clay)

what was the third party system?

the political party system, lasting between 1856 to present day, made up of the Democratic Party and Republican Party

what was the First Great Awakening?

a period of religious revival between 1730s and 1740s, led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, caused by the rise of the Enlightenment period, which emphasized reason over faith

what was the Second Great Awakening?

a period of Protestant revival between the 1820s and 1830s, led by Charles G. Finney, caused by the American Revolution and the uncertainty it caused

what are the main ideas of Unit 1 (1491-1607)?

Native American societies before European contact, European exploration in the New World, the Colombian Exchange, Spanish Colonial System

what are the main ideas of Unit 2 (1607-1754)?

The expansion and development of different European colonies, Transatlantic (Triangle) Trade, Interactions between American Indians and Europeans, Slavery in British colonies, Colonial society and culture, First Great Awakening, Enlightenment

What was the Transatlantic Trade (Triangle Trade) (1514-1866)?

connections between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, mostly for slaves

what are the main ideas of Unit 3 (1754-1800)?

the Seven Years’ War, American Revolution, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, developing American identity, immigration to and migration within America

what are the main ideas of Unit 4 (1800-1848)?

Rise of political parties, innovations in technology, agriculture, and business, debates over federal power, the Second Great Awakening, reform movements

what are the main ideas of Unit 5 (1844-1877)?

Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, attempts to resolve conflicts over the spread of slavery, Southern Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

what are the main ideas for Unit 6 (1865-1898)?

settlement of the West, the “New South”, rise of industrial capitalism, Irish+German+Scandinavian immigration, reform movements, debated about the role of government

what are the main ideas of Unit 7 (1890-1945)?

Debates over imperialism, the Progressive movement, WW1, the Great Depression, New Deal, WW2, Postwar diplomacy

what are the main ideas of Unit 8 (1945-1980)?

The Cold War, Red Scare, Vietnam War, Great Society, African American civil rights movement, “youth culture”

what are the main ideas of Unit 9 (1980-present)?

Reagan and conservatism, end of the Cold War, shifts in the economy, migration of immigration, challenges of the 21st century

what were the primary causes of the Spanish-American War (1898)

Cuba was struggling with its independence from Spain, yellow journalists exposed Spanish atrocities in Cuba to Americans, American ship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor

what were the primary effects of the Spanish-American War (1898)?

Pacific and Caribbean islands become US territory, Cuban independence from Spain, only to be under the extension of the Monroe Doctrine (US could intervene in Cuban affairs) (Platt Amendment)

what was the Open Door Policy (1899)?

established by Secretary of State John Hay, it posed equal trade opportunities in China, as well as overcoming European spheres of influence

what was the 17th Amendment (1913)?

direct election of senators

what did Teddy Roosevelt do for the progressive movement?

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), Forest Reserve Act (1891), Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), Square Deal (1901)

what did William Howard Taft do for the progressive movement?

broke up double the trusts that TR did, continued TR conversations

what did Woodrow Wilson do for the progressive movement?

dismantled the “Triple Wall of Privledge” - tariffs, banking, trusts - 18th Amendment (prohibition) + 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage)

what was the Zimmerman Telegram (1917)?

a secret proposal sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico, offering US territory to Mexico if they joined the German side

What were the primary causes of the US involvement in WW1 (1914)?

Germany sinking the Lusitania, Germany unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman Telegram

what was the Sedition Act of 1918?

federal law that made it illegal to criticize the US government, war effort, or military

what did the Immigration quotas of 1921 and 1924 do?

Limited immigration from Eastern and Southern European countries, initially from 14% to 11%

what was the Lost Generation?

refers to a group of primarily American writers and artists during the 1920s, often feeling disillusioned and alienated from the war and societal changes in the US

what caused the Great Depression?

the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday), Bank failures, the gold standard, overproduction

what caused WW2 (1939)?

Nazi Germany’s aggressive expansionist policies, failure of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany invading Poland

what led to the end of WW2 (1945)?

Allied victories in Europe and the Pacific, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

what caused the start of WW1 (1914)?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, formation of alliances like Triple Entente and Triple Alliance

what led to the end of WW1 (1918)?

the signing of an armistice of November 11, which established a ceasefire between the Allied powers and Germany,

what happened during the Second Red Scare (1947)?

the fear is Soviet spies at every level of civilization, HUAC - widespread investigation of Hollywood, Government etc -, McCarthyism

what was the GI Bill (1944)?

aka the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, which provided financial aid to WW2 veterans, especially to go to college

what was the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)?

13-day standoff between the US and Soviet Union, where the Soviets were secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, closest the world has ever been to nuclear war

what actions did the US take in the Middle East in 1953?

CIA aided Iranians in the overthrow of the socialist government that wanted to nationalize the country’s oil supply

what caused the Vietnam War (1955)?

like the Korean War, conflict between communist and democratic forces broke out, bringing China + Russia to the North’s aid, and US to the South’s

what was the Great Society (1964-1968)?

an ideology by Lyndon B. Johnson, built on the expansion of FDR’s social reforms, and “war on poverty” (safety nets for impoverished America)

what were the 3 significant act of legislation during the Great Society?

Medicare (health insurance for 65+), Medicaid (health insurance for poor), Immigration Act (abolished immigration quotas)

what is imperialism?

the expansion of one country’s political, economic, and military influence over another country

What was the League of Nations (1920s)?

an intergovernmental organization, following the Treaty of Versailles, to promote cooperation to prevent future wars. Made up of Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan

what was the Gilded Age (1865-1902)?

characterized by the rapid economic growth, technological advancement, and significant social and political changes. At the same time there was extreme wealth disparities and corruption