Anatomy and Physiology - Mr. De Veyra's Topic

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide

The by-product of cellular activity is ___________ - considered as a waste product

Carbon Dioxide

must be expelled from the body through the process of exhalation

Alveolar Level

The transport of gases is possible which is exchange in respiratory system at the

CO2 Levels

The respiratory system alters blood pH by changing blood

7.35-7.45

The blood pH could be maintained at a normal level

Acidosis

Below 7.35, is considered as

Alkalosis

More than 7.45, it is alkaline or experiencing

Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis and Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

2 Types of Acid-Base Balances

Compensatory Mechanism

the body’s way of adapting to put the blood pH back to normal

Carbon Dioxide

a potential acid

Acidic

Carbon dioxide helps maintain the pH level because part of a component of carbon dioxide is

Respiratory System

has the power either to control the CO2 exhalation or save CO2 in order to maintain balance when a patient is experiencing alkalosis, it has its way of slowing down respiration

Hyperventilation

the respiratory rate increases, fast respiration

Tachypnea

shallow breathing and the body blow off to much CO2 which may experience alkalosis

Voice Production

Air movement past the vocal cords makes sounds and speech possible

Olfaction

The sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity.

Olfactory Cranial Nerve

help to send signal to the brain so that the brain will automatically translate or interpret the smell

Innate Community

The respiratory system protects against some microorganisms and other pathogens, such as viruses, by preventing them from entering the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Air moves in and out of lungs

External Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli

Transport of Respiratory Gases

Between the lungs and the cells of the body

Oxyhemoglobin

blood that contains oxygen

Carboxylhemoglobin

blood that contains carbon dioxide

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells

Metabolism

the utilization of energy by the body

die

The body’s cells ____ if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails.

Upper Respiratory Tract, Lower Respiratory Tract

The respiratory system has two division:

Upper Respiratory Tract (ENPL)

consists of the external nose, nasal cavity, the pharynx (throat), and the larynx.

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

The lower respiratory tract consists of

Conducting Zone

Respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange

dryness

If the air is not humidified as it enters the body, it will cause _________ that can cause irritation in many parts of the body.

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange

Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs

Respiratory Zone is composed of

Nose

the portion wherein the air enters going inside the body

Olfactory Receptor

Receptor that receives information on what scent you are smelling, and it sends a signal to the brain through the olfactory cranial nerve so that the brain can interpret the kind of smell.

Nares or Nostrils

the external opening of the nose

Choanae or Funnels

the opening into the pharynx

Nasal Septum

divides nasal cavity in midline (to right and left halves)

Nasal Septum

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer and septal cartilage

Hard Palate

forms the floor of the nasal cavity which separates it from oral cavity

Conchae

There are three prominent ridges called _______ which are present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.

Vestibule

Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and nose hairs

Nose Hair

helps in filtering the foreign materials like dust particles which enters the body

Sebaceous and Sweat Glands

help in trapping foreign particles which enters the body

Small Patch of Olfactory Mucosa, Respiratory Mucosa

2 types of Mucous Membrane:

Small Patch of Olfactory Mucosa

roof (cribriform plate)

Respiratory Mucosa

lines most of the cavity

Cilia

hair-like structures which helps in filtering foreign particles which enters the respiratory trach

Goblet Cells

produces mucous

Mucous

sticky in consistency because it helps in trapping foreign particles which enters the respiratory trach

Mucous Cells

secrete mucous

Serous Cells

secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes, e.g. lysozyme

Nasal Conchae

Increases turbulence of air

Paranasal Sinuses

Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and perform same functions – to produce mucous that would trap foreign particles entering the body

Sinus

help or influence the quality of voice produced by acting as a resonating chamber

Paranasal Sinuses

air-filled spaces within the skull

Sinusitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses

Frontal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, Maxillary sinus

Four Types of Paranasal Sinuses

Nasolacrimal Ducts

Carries tears from the eyes, also open into the nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

the most superior part of the pharynx

Nasopharynx

Found posterior to the corneal and superior or above to the soft palate

Nasopharynx

It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Uvula

the posterior extension of the soft palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

Pharyngeal Tonsil

helps to defend the body against infection.

elevated

During swallowing, the soft palate is

Aspiration

If the food you swallowed enters the respiratory trach, that is called

Oropharynx

is at the level from the uvula down to the epiglottis

Oropharynx

it is lined with stratified squamous epithelium which protects it from abrasion

Palatine Tonsils

are in the lateral walls near the border of the oral cavity and oropharynx

Lingual Tonsil

located in the surface of the posterior part of the tongue

Laryngopharynx

Passes posterior to the larynx that extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium and ciliated columnar epithelium

Tonsillectomy

removal of the tonsil

Epiglottis

posterior to the tongue keeps food out of airway

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

serve as common passageway for food and air

Larynx

Extends from the level of the 4th to the 6th cervical vertebrae

Larynx

Inferiorly is continuous with trachea

Larynx

Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly

Speech, Breathing, Switching Mechanism

Three Main Functions of Larynx

3 - paired, 6 - total

There are 9 cartilages, of it are paired ( in total) and 3 unpaired cartilages

Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Epiglottis

Unpaired Cartilages

Thyroid Cartilage

with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) anteriorly

Thyroid Cartilage

It is attached superiorly to the hyoid bone.

Cricoid Cartilage

inferior to thyroid cartilage: the only complete ring of cartilage:

Cricoid Cartilage

signet shaped and wide posteriorly

Epiglottis

is an elastic cartilage

Cuneiform, Corniculate Cartilage, Arytenoid Cartilage

Paired Cartilages

Cuneiform

the top cartilage

Corniculate Cartilage

the middle cartilage

Arytenoid Cartilage

the bottom cartilage

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords), Vocal Folds (true Vocal Cords)

There are two sets of ligaments that extends from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the paired cartilages

Vestibular Folds

prevent air from leaving the lungs, as when a person holds his breath

Vocal Folds

called true vocal cords because the vocal folds are the primary source of voice production

Intricate and Delicate

the intervention of nerves, there is

Trachea

Descends: larynx through neck into mediastinum

Trachea

Divides the thorax into two main (primary) bronchi

Trachea

Flexible for bending but stays open despite pressure changes during breathing

Trachea

it is line by pseudostratified columnar epithelium which contains numerous cilia or the hair-like structures and the goblet cells

Trachealis Muscle

can decrease diameter of trachea

Esophagus

can expand when food swallowed