ch 4 apes

convergent plate boundary

plates push towards each other, one goes under the other
- volcanoes, earthquakes

divergent plate boundary

plates push away from each other
- ridges, volcanoes, sea floor spreading, earthquakes sometimes

transform/strike-slip plate boundary

plates slide past each other
- shallow, frequent earthquakes

sheet soil erosion

surface removed into water
- plants help

rill soil erosion

small channels of water cause soil to flow into water
- still cropping or less till help

gully soil erosion

wider cuts from expanded rill cause soil to flow into water
- diverting water away from rill/gully helps

soil is composed of...

sand, silt, and clay

percolation

movement of water into ground

infiltration

movement of ions or chemicals through percolation

layers of atmosphere(top to bottom)

exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

air is most dense in the...

troposphere

the ozone layer is located in the...

stratosphere

air circulates in part due to...

earth's rotation

coriolis effect

rotation of earth deflects wind

intensity of solar radiation is determined by...

the angle of the sun's rays

insolation(incoming solar radiation)

solar radiation ÷ area

solar radiance

concentration of solar energy

latitudes perpendicular to solar radiation receive ____ intensity

most

axial tilt causes...

seasons

rain shadow

region of dry land that's dry cause a higher elevation area blocks precipitation from it
- area closest to water gets it but behind it it's dry

deserts form ___ ° from equator

30°

el niño

winds stall and may reverse: current reverses so no nutrient upwelling resulting in less fish

la niña

conditions intensify: enhanced normal wind, current more intense so more nutrients in upwelling in ocean resulting in more fish

higher sea levels are caused by...

land ice melting and water expanding due to heat

polar regions being affected by climate change

positive feedback loop of less light being reflected to the ground heats up and more is absorbed causing pole warming

melting permafrost

means wet biomass, decomposition, and thus methane released and heated earth: positive feedback loop

marine ecosystems and climate change

new habitats created, deep sea habitat loss, and ocean current changes