A & P II Chapter 20: Blood vessels and Circulation

When a person is at rest, approximately how much blood is being held within the veins,the body's blood reservoirs?

a. 75%

b. 25%

c. 55%

55%

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel is known as the ____ _____

blood pressure

The two main peripheral chemoreceptors are the _____ and _____

aortic bodies and carotid body

The three classes of blood vessels are

arteries, veins, capillaries

The highest blood pressure generated in arteries during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched; the value is recorded as the _____ pressure

systolic

True or False: Arteries contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

False

Vasodilators are substances that do which of the following?

a. relax precapillary sphincters

b. dilate capillaries

c. constrict arterioles

d. constrict precapillary sphincters

a., b.

The rhythmic pulsation of blood through the arteries is known as your ____

pulse

The smallest veins are the:

venules

True or False: Blood transported to and from the spleen is an example of a simple blood flow pathway.

True

Blood vessels called _____ connect arterioles to venules.

capillaries

True or False: Large solutes may diffuse via the endothelial cells or intercellular clefts.

False

Match the organ to the substance secreted from that organ.

-kidney

-liver

-lungs

-renin

-angiotensinogen

-angiotensinogen-converting enzyme

Where are continuous capillaries found within the body?

a. small intestine

b. skin

c. bone marrow

d. muscle

b, d

_____ are substances that increase blood flow into a capillary bed.

vasodilators

In general, _____ , the smallest arteries, have less than six layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media.

arterioles

Which blood vessels become larger and merge as they move toward the heart?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

b.

Which of the following factors would increase blood viscosity?

a. anemia

b. overhydration

c. increased erythrocytes

d. dehydration

a, c, d

____ respond best to sudden, short-term changes in blood pressure, but they are not effective long-term or chronic blood pressure regulators.

baroreceptors

Which artery in the upper limb is compressed by the sphygomomanometer when taking blood pressure?

a. axillary artery

b. brachial artery

c. radial artery

b

Smaller and medium-sized veins typically travel with:

a. arterioles

b. muscular arteries

c. elastic arteries

b

____ are specialized nerve endings that respond to the stretch in blood vessel walls.

baroreceptors

Which class of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to the body?

a. capillaries

b. veins

c. arteries

c

Which of the following factors would decrease blood viscosity?

a. anemia

b. reduced erythrocytes

c. dehydration

d. increased erythrocytes

a, b

In the body, ____ blood vessels travel together and supply the same region.

companion

The walls of arteries and veins have 3 layers called _____

tunics

True or False: an increase in any of these; cardiac output, resistance and blood volume will increase blood pressure

True

If the blood pressure decreases, which of the following consequences will happen?

a. the vasomotor center will cause vasodilation

b. the cardioinhibitory center will stimulate PNS activity to the SA node and AV node

c. the vasomotor center will cause vasoconstriction

d. the cardioinhibitory center will inhibit PNS activity to the SA node and AV node

c, d

During exercise, blood flow will decrease to which of the following areas?

a. coronary vessels

b. skeletal muscles

c. skin

d. digestive organs

e. kidneys

c, e

Mean arterial pressure may be estimated as which of the following?

a. systolic pressure + 1/3 diastolic pressure

b. diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

c. diastolic pressure + 1/2 systolic pressure

d. systolic pressure + 1/2 pulse pressure

b.

A ____ _______ delivers blood to another organ first, before blood is sent back tot he heart.

portal vein

A ____ is the site where two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the same body region.

anastomosis

The denominatior (lower number) of the blood pressure ration represents the:

a. diastolic pressure

b. systolic pressure

a

Where are fenestrated capillaries found within the body?

a. skin

b. spleen

c. small intestine

d. kidney

e. bone marrow

c, d

An increase in cardiac output will ____ the blood pressure gradient.

increase

Blood pressure ____ when sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles.

increases

Which blood vessels become progressively smaller and branch as they extend away from the heart?

a. capillariers

b. arteries

c. veins

b

Which two have similar cross-sectional areas?

a. veins

b. capillaries

c. arteries

a, c

Which processes are involved in vasomotion?

a. erythrocytes migrate from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries

b. precapillary sphincters close when a tissue's needs are met

c. precapillary sphincters open when a tissue needs nutrients

d. leukocytes migrate from the capillaries into interstitial fluid

b, c

What is the only tunic present in capillaries?

a. tunica media

b. tunica externa

c. tunica intima

c

True or False: veins have no demonstrable pulse pressure

true

The endothelial cells of ____ capillaries have pores that permit small molecules to move out of the vessel

fenestrated

Exchange processes that occur in capillaries include _____.

a. bulk flow

b. vesicular transport

c. the sodium/potassium pump

d. diffusion

a, b, d.

Vasoconstriction of veins shift blood from venous reservoirs and circulating blood volume _____

a. increases

b. decreases

a

The ultimate goal of the cardiovascular system is for adequate ____ of all tissues.

perfusion

The large gaps and discontinuous or absent basement membrane of _____ allow this type of capillary to transport larger materials such as proteins or cells.

sinusoids

The reading taken from the sphygmomanometer when the first pulsation is heard thorough the stethoscope is the ____ blood pressure.

systolic

Which of the following baroreceptors are more sensitive to blood pressure changes?

a. carotid sinuses

b. aortic arch baroreceptors

a

Select the factors that affect peripheral resistance.

a. blood viscosity

b. total blood flow

c. blood pressure

d. blood vessel length

e. blood vessel radius

a, d, e

Which of the following characteristics describe the general structures of an artery?

a. thicker tunica media

b. thicker tunica externa

c. walls remain open (patent) when drained of blood

d. narrower lumen than companion vein

e. walls collapse when drained of blood

f. wider lumen than companion vein

a, c, d

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the:

tunica externa

Activation of the vasomotor center redistributes blood flow with _____ blood flowing to skeletal muscles and the heart.

a. more

b. less

a

____ converts anglotensinogen into the anglotensin I

renin

The carotid sinuses monitor blood pressure changes in which of the following body parts?

a. thorax

b. neck

c. head

d. arm

e. heart

b, c

A mean arterial pressure of _____ mm Hg typically indicates good perfusion.

a. greater than 110

b. 70-110

c. less than 60

b

The widening of the blood vessel lumen resulting from the relaxation of the smooth muscle of tunica media is known as ______

vasodilation

Which of the following result in the hypothalamus increasing cardiac output and resistance?

a. dehydration

b. increased body temp.

c. exercise

d. response to an emergency

e. fear

b, c, d, e

____ ____ refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in direction down a pressure gradient.

bulk flow

The cardiac center and the vasomotor center are called the ____ center.

cardiovascular

Short-term regulation of blood pressure occurs through autonomic reflexes involving nuclei within the _____.

a. medulla oblongata

b. cerebellum

c. cerebral cortex

d. pons

a

Choose all of the following that cause vasoconstriction.

a. histamine

b. thromboxane

c. nitric oxide

d. prostaglandin

e. bradykinin

b, d

Which of the following has the slowest velocity (speed) of blood?

a. veins

b. capillaries

c. arteries

b

ADH and _____ increase resistance and blood pressure.

a. angiotensin II

b. atrial natriuretic peptide

c. ACE

a,

The _____ muscle pump enables veins located between muscle groups to be squeezed in order to help pump blood toward the heart.

skeletal

Which of the following characteristics describe the general structure of a vein?

a. walls remain open (patent) when drained of blood

b. walls collapse when drained of blood

c. wider lumen than companion artery

d. thicker tunica externa

e. narrower lumen than companion artery

f. thicker tunica media

b, c, d

The vasomotor center has _____ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels.

a. both sympathetic and parasympathetic

b. only parasympathetic

c. only sympathetic

c

Which of the following are elastic arteries?

a. coronary artery

b. subclavian artery

c. common carotid artery

d. aorta

e. inferior mesenteric artery

b, c, d

In a capillary bed, the distal part of the metaarteriole, called the ____ ____, connects to a postcapillary venule.

thoroughfare channel

Which of the following conditions stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?

a. high pH

b. high O2

c. high CO2

d. low CO2

e. low pH

f. very low O2

c, e, f

Capillaries function together by forming a ______ ______

capillary bed

If vessel radius _____. relatively more blood flows near the edges and overall blood flow ______.

a. increases, decreases

b. decreases, decreases

c. decreases, increases

b

Total blood flow equals ____ _____

cardiac output

Anxiety over a dangerous experience may result in the higher brain centers, specifically the _____, increasing cardiac output and resistance.

hypothalamus

Most of the named arteries of the body, such as the brachial, anterior tibial, coronary and inferior mesenteric arteries, that distribute blood to body organs and tissues are examples of:

a. elastic arteries

b. arterioles

c. muscular arteries

c

Where are sinusoids found within the body?

a. spleen

b. kidney

c. liver

d. muscles

e. bone marrow

a, c, e

Increasing vessel length increase resistance, because the ____ the vessel, the greater the friction the fluid experiences as it travels through this vessel.

a. shorter

b. longer

b

In a capillary bed, the ___ ____ branch from the metararteriole to form the bulk of the capillary bed

true capillaries

Hormones that help to regulate blood pressure are _____.

a. atrial natriuretic peptide

b. calcitonin

c. thyroid stimulating hormone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. aldosterone

a, d, e,

When we exhale, the thoracic cavity volume _____ and intrathoracic pressure _____, which places pressure on vessels within the thoracic cavity to help return blood to the heart.

a. increases, decreases

b. decreases, increases

b

The narrow diameter of capillaries means that erythrocytes must travel single file. This is termed _____.

rouleau

Organs that are very active metabolically are highly vascularized. Which of the following are very metabollically active?

a. skeletal muscle

b. liver

c. tendons

d. brain

e. heart

f. ligaments

d, a, e, b

Angiogenesis in adipose tissue would occur when which of the following events occurs?

a. increased physical activity

b. loss of weight

c. gaining of weight

d. restriction of food

c

____ is defined as the amount of friction the blood experiences as it travels through the blood vessels.

resistance

Smooth muscle in the arterioles usually is at least slightly constricted. This slightly constricted state is called ____ _____

vasomotor tone

True or false: pulse pressure is significant because it is a measure of the elasticity and recoil of arteries.

true

Which of the following determine the amount of blood that will be delivered to a specific organ or tissue?

a. degree of vascularization

b. local regulatory factors

c. colloid pressure

d. total blood flow

e. blood pressure

a, b, d

In muscular arteries, the _____ elastic lamina separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.

internal

Which of the following methods are used to pass materials through the walls of continuous capillaries?

a. simple diffusion

b. facilitated diffusion

c. pinocytosis

a, c

ADH stimulates the ____ to increase blood volume.

a. thirst center

b. renin

c. hunger center

d. anglotensinogen

a

--- respond best to sudden, short-term changes in blood pressure, but they are not effective long-term or chronic blood pressure regulators.

Baroreceptors

Arteries

____ transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

Capillaries

____ are microscopic, relatgiely porous blood vessels for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues

Capillaries’ narrow vessel diameter and thin wall are optimal for

exchange of substances between blood and body tissues

Veins

_____ drain blood from the capillaries, transporting it back to the heart

veins are structurally similar to the _______ valves of the heart

semilunar

Tunics

Vessel walls are composed of layers called _____.

Lumen

The tunics surround the _____, or inside space, of the vessel through which blood flows.

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

The three tunics are:

media, externa

An artery has a thicker tunica ____ and a relatively smaller lumen, whereas a veins thickest layer is the tunica ____, and it has a larger lumen

Tunica intima

the innermost layer of a blood vessel