Human AP review

Liquid Matrix:

Plasma

Percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood:

Hematocrit

Cells and cell fragments:

formed elements

Iron extracted from heme molecules:

binds to transferrin

Most of the iron that is removed from damaged red blood cells is:

recycled to the bone marrow

If you remove red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets from blood you have:

plasma

How long does the average red blood cell live?

no more than 120 days

Which of the following does not play a role in blood clotting?

albumin

Supplies blood to the left ventricle and left atrium:

left coronary artery

Supplies blood to the right atrium:

right coronary artery

Drains the anterior surface of the right ventricle:

anterior cardiac vein

The tricuspid valve is found:

between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A person who has an artificial pacemaker has an artificial device that replaces the actions of the:

sinoatrial node

The parasympathetic nervous system:

decreases heart rate

Blood with low oxygen content enters the ___ of the heart.

right atrium

Diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the arm:

during relaxation of the ventricles

Ventricles force blood directly into:

arteries

The bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing back into the:

left atrium

The large-diameter conducting cells responsible for the depolarization of the ventricular myocardial cells, which triggers ventricular systole, are called the:

Purkinje fibers

Which of the following is the primary factor that affects resistance within the cardiovascular system?

Vessel diameter

Increased CO₂ levels, decreased pH, and decreased O₂ levels result in which of the following?

Cardioinhibitory centers are inhibited.

Eosinophils:

are cells that phagocytize foreign compounds or pathogens that have been coated with antibodies.

Which of the following spent some time in the thymus gland?

T cells

Which of the following is produced by the bone marrow?

Both B and T cells

Abnormal daughter cells, which result from a mistake in cell division, are detected and destroyed by:

NK cells

Which are the substances that are produced by cells infected with viruses, and enhance resistance to viral infection?

alpha interferons

Which type of acquired immunity develops after a vaccination?

artificially acquired active immunity

Which disorder involves a virus binding to CD4 proteins, and the subsequent infection of helper T cells?

AIDS

Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called

antigens

Which type of cell secretes antibodies?

plasma cells

Vaccinations stimulate the production of

memory cells

Autoregulation:

involves changes in the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds.

A hypersecretion of glucocorticoids:

Cushing's syndrome

An overproduction of growth hormone after a person has stopped growing:

Acromegaly

Thyroid hyposecretion due to iodine deficiency:

Goiter

which mechanism of intercellular communication uses ions, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials as its chemical mediators.

direct communication

Which of the following hormones is part of the rapid response to stress?

Epinephrine

Which endocrine structure secretes a hormone that affects reproductive function and helps establish circadian rhythms?

pineal gland

Glucagon increases the rates of __________ breakdown and glucose release by the liver.

glycogen

_____ can be caused by genetic abnormalities or mutations that result in inadequate insulin production, the synthesis of abnormal insulin molecules, or the production of defective insulin-receptor proteins.

Diabetes mellitus

Which anterior pituitary hormone works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland development?

PRL

The breakdown of homeostatic regulation is a characteristic of which phase of the stress response?

The exhaustion phase

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

What is perforin?

protein released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells that creates pores in the membranes of target cells

An inflammatory response is triggered when

the immune system detects pathogens or tissue damage.

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune disorders

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomical dead space.

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Lacteals:

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is

gastrin

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach.

Haustra are:

expansible pouches of the colon.

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is

amylase

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

common bile duct

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called:

emulsification.

The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.

plasticity; tone

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in

swallowing

_______ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids

Urea is formed in the

liver

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

thermoregulation.

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.

leptin

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus.

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?

through the hepatic portal vein

Which structures are classified as primary lymphoid organs and tissues?

Thymus and bone marrow

The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

The main classes of lymphocytes include

B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

B cells

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the

spleen

Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?

The thoracic duct

Which body systems are part of the immune system?

Lymphatic system, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

The adenoid is more formally called the ________________.

pharyngeal tonsil

The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is ________________.

thymosin.

Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _________.

Right lymphatic duct

Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphocytopoiesis in the __________.

bone marrow

Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.

Helper T cells

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________.

Pathogens

Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.

afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessel

Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________.

lymphatic capillaries

Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?

Phagocytosis

Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called __________.

interferons

Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance?

NK cells

Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?

inflammation

Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?

Type I interferon

Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called

opsonization.

Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense?

physical barriers