Issues in mental health

who was the theory of the four humours invented by

Hippocrates

who was the theory of the four humours developed by

Galen

what should the 4 humours be balanced in

amount and strength

treatments for balancing the 4 humours

purgatives and bloodletting

when did humourism fall out of favour

17th century

what is moral treatment

treating those with mental illness with kindness and respect

what is punishment from god

that mental health conditions were a result of sins or a lack of faith/ a sinful life

how is the possession of demons treated

exorcisms, rituals, starvation and treparation

when did public viewings end in madhouses

1815

what was the early conditions in madhouses

unsanitary and overcrowded

what was asylum life described as

empty and repetitive

what is ect

when an electric current was passed through the brain to induce a seizure easing symptoms of severe depression in some patients

until when was ect carried out without anaesthesia

the early 1950s

what is insulin therapy

when large doses of insulin was injected to induce a coma

how many people died from insulin therapy

44

what is a lobotomy

removing sections of the brain to treat mental disorders

what decade did asylums begin to close

1980s

by 1990 how many patients were discharged into wider society

100,000

where did someone get stabbed in the eye and killed him by a recently released mental patient

Finsbury park tube station

what is statistical infrequency

an uncommon behaviour which is statistically uncommon

what is deviation from the norm

when a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it violates social norms

what is Maladaptiveness

behaviour which interferes with an individual’s activities of daily life

how many jahoda’s criteria was there

6

who was the dsm created by

the American psychiatric association

who was the icd created by

the world health organisation

when was the icd first published

1957

what does the icd cover

all health disorders

what does the dsm cover

all mental health disorders

when was the dsm first published

1952

rosenhan sample size exp 1

8

how many males in rosenhan’s exp 1 sample

5 males

how many females in rosenhan’s exp 1 sample

3 females

did the ppts in rosenhan’s exp 1 sample use their real names

no they used false names

he ppts in rosenhan’s exp 1 who had careers in mental health did what

claimed to have an alternative job

why did ppts who had careers in mental health claim to have an alternative job

to avoid attracting special attention from staff

how many hospitals were used in rosenhan

12

across how many states were the hospitals were used in rosenhan from

5

what did the hospitals in rosenhan range from in terms of quality

old and shabby to modern and new

what hospital types were used in rosenhan

public, private and university funded

what age were ppts in rosenhan

over 20

what words did ppts say they heard in their head in rosenhan

empty, hollow and thud

how did pseudo patients get released

by convincing staff they were sane by acting normally

what type of experiment was rosnenhan

field experiment

what was the shortest someone stayed at the hospital

7 days

what was the longest someone stayed at the hospital

52 days

what was the average stay in rosenhan

19 days

what type errors were there in rosenhan

type 1

What did a type 1 error mean in the context of Rosenhan study

a healthy person was diagnosed as ill

in experiment two of Rosenhan who were the participants

psychiatric staff at one hospital who were briefed on the main studies findings

in study 2 of Rosenhan how many patients recieved judgement by the psychiatric staff at the hospital

193

what was staff told would happen in study 2 of Rosenhan

that at some point over 3 month period one or more pseudo patients would attempt to gain hospital admission

what did staff members in study two of rosenhan have to rate patients on

the likelihood that they were imposters on a 10-point scale

how many patients were rated with high confidence they were pseudo patient by one staff member

41

how many of the patients were suspected by at least one psychiatrist to have been a pseudo patient

23

how many was suspected by a psychiatrist and staff member to be a pseudo patient

19

what are the peak ages for someone to get major depressive disorder

18-29yrs

what are affective disorders

mood disorders characterised by marked disruption in emotion

what are three examples of affective disorders

depression bipolar disorder and seasonal affective disorder

how many times higher is major depressive disorder in females

1.5x-3x

what does a psychotic disorder entail

loss of control with reality

when it comes to a psychotic disorder what is a positive symptom

new behaviours e.g. hallucinations

when it comes to a psychotic disorder what is a negative symptom

loss of behaviours which are normal function e.g. outward emotion or speech

what is the peak time for psychotic disorders for males

teens-mid 20s

what is the peak time for psychotic disorders for females

teens-late 20s

what is the peak time for males to get schizophrenia

in their late teens

what is the peak time for females to get schizophrenia

25 years old

how many people does schizophrenia affect how often within a population does someone have schizophrenia like one out five

1 out of 100

is there a cure for schizophrenia

no, but most people do live normal lives with schizophrenia

what is an anxiety disorder

someone having excessive anxiety or fear chronic or repeated feelings of extreme anxiety

what can anxiety disorders lead to

a loss of function

what are some examples of anxiety disorders

phobias, OCD, PTSD, body dysmorphia

what are the four specific phobia categories

animal, natural environment, situation, injury

when is it disorder classified as a disorder

when it has a serious impact on life

what is serotonin

a monoamine neurotransmitter, it's biological function is complex touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory and several physiological processes

what is dopamine

a neuromodulatory molecule related to reward, memory and motivation

what is noradrenaline

it functions as a hormone neurotransmitter neuromodulator relating to metabolism, attention and focus

what are endorphins also nicknamed as

‘nature's painkillers’

what are endorphins

painkillers often produced in the brain during physical exercise and inhibit pain, muscle cramps and relieve stress

how many genes are linked to schizophrenia according to ripke et al

108

what is the aim of Gottesman

to investigate the importance of genetic influence on offspring where both of the parents have been admitted with a severe psychiatric disorder

what type of experiment was gottesman

quasi

why is gottesman a quasi experiment

because there is a naturally occurring independent variable

the sample size of gottesman

2.7 million Danish people born before 1997 age 10 to 52

how many schizophrenia x2 couples were identified from this initial sample

196

how many bipolar x2 couples were identified from this initial sample

83

how many children came from the schizophrenia x2 couples

270

how many children came from the bipolar x2 couples

146