DNA Structure and Replication

A collection of flashcards covering key concepts related to DNA structure, replication, and profiling, useful for exam preparation.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a hereditary molecule passed from parents to offspring, common to all living organisms.

Nucleotide

The basic subunit of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Double Helix

The spiral shape formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in DNA.

Chromosome

A single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins that carries genetic information.

Gene

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual that determines the phenotype.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism determined by its genotype.

Base Pairing

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

DNA Replication

The process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA, occurring in a semiconservative manner.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A laboratory technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA for analysis.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Sections of a chromosome in which short DNA sequences are repeated, useful for DNA profiling.

Gel Electrophoresis

A laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments based on their size.

Genome

The complete set of genetic instructions encoded in all the chromosomes of an organism.

Forensics

The application of scientific methods and techniques to solve crimes, often involving DNA evidence.

DNA Profiling

A technique to identify the unique characteristics in a person's DNA for forensic purposes.

Complementary Base Pairing Rules

Rules that dictate that A pairs with T and C pairs with G in the formation of DNA.