CSD 251 exam 1

Test one

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communication

an active process involving the encoding, transmission and decoding of information and ideas between individuals

transmission

how is the message conveyed?

decoding

other parties ability to understand

encoding

convert information from one system to another

verbal communication

complex process involving all the anatomical/ physiological subsystems of the speech production and processing system

3 reasons SLPs need to study anatomy

communication is very complex and can only be fully understood and appreciated by an understanding of normal anatomy, clinical management, work with interdisciplinary terms

anatomy

the study of the structure on an organism, and the relation of its parts

physiology

the study of the normal function or vital processes of living organisms

anatomic position

standing erect, facing observer, eyes front, arms at sides and palms of hands and tips of feet directed forward

supine

face up

prone

face down

periferal

outward part of surface or organ

ventral

belly (away from back bone) towards front

dorsal

back(towards backbone) back of body

anterior

"before" towards front, away from back

posterior

"behind" towards back, away from front

superficial

towards surface "superior"

deep

away from surface "inferior"

superior

upper/above "superficial"

inferior

lower/below "deep"

cranial

towards the head (skull)

caudal

towards the tail, away from head, usually restricted to the trunk

rostral

often used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain towards the tip of the frontal lobe

medial

towards the midline axis of the body or structure

lateral

away from midline axis of the body or structure

proximal

toward the body or point of attachment

distal

away from body or point of attachment

parasagittal plane

any plane which runs parallel to the sagittal plane but is away from midline

frontal/coronal plane

vertical cut, made at ight angles to the medial plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves/ portions

transverse/ horizontal plane

horizontal cut made at right angle to the axis of the body dividing it into upper and lower portions

brain and spinal cord

2 main structures of the CNS

motor outputs

always flow out, never into the nervous system

sensory input

always flow in towards nervous system

CNS

responsible for mediation of all voluntary/ involuntary activity

12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

2 structures of the PNS

autonomic nervous system ANS

involved with involuntary life processes, stuff that happens automatically (blood pressure, gland secretion, digestion)

somatic nervous system SNS

involved with production of observable events and reception of environmental changes- not automatically we have some degree of control

motor, sensory

2 divisions of SNS

motor

responsible for bodily functions that are under out conscious/ voluntary control

pyramidal, extrapyramidal

2 divisions of the motor component of SNS

pyramidal

initiation of voluntary motor acts

extrapyramidal

responsible for background tone and movement supporting the primary motor acts (refines the motion started by pyramidal- how fast do u want to throw the ball)

sensory

provides us with information about the function of the skeletal muscles, the environment and nonviseral actives

neuron

basic unit of the nervous system, unique because it has the ability to receive, transit, and process information

cell body, axon, dendrites

what is a neuron composed of

cell body

aka soma, composed of protoplasm bounded by a thin, semi-permeable membrane, functions to keep the cell alive (carried out metabolism, etc. to maintain life of the cell)

axon

single long efferent process which conducts nerve impulse away from the cell body, typically to another neuron, muscle, or gland

dendrites

multiple, short, A-pherent extension of the cell body, responsible for convey impulses towards the cell body

A-pherent

something is being conducted towards

E-pherent

something is conducted away

dendrite tree

arrangement of the dendrites, looks like a tree without leaves

axon hillock

point at which the axon joins the soma, axons remain single processes until their point of termination- once terminated the axon branches out to become telodendria

telodendria

plays a role in synaptic transmission

bouton

important because it contains structures known as synaptic vesicles

synaptic vesicles

storage units for near-transmitters unless nerve is activated the euro-transmissitters aren't active

myelin

extends from axon hillock to the terminal bouton, a fat-like substance insulates the axon

oliodendrites

CNS myelin is formed by

neurolimal/ shwane cells

PNS myelin is formed by

nodes of ranvier

serrate the myelin purpose and they speed up neural transmission

nervous system development

what does the process of myelination correlate to

unipolar neuron

a single process that divides into 2 branches that are structurally identical, both processes are icons and they function E-pherent

bipolar neuron

intends off both poles, multiple axon extensions coming off the singular pol/ multiple dendrite extensions from other pole

stereotypical neuron

large # of relatively short dendrites, a single long axon

nerves

PNS, carry multiple types of information, sensory, motor, or both

tracts

CNS, only have a single function, they are either sensory or motor, can't be both

neural transmission

way neural impulses get from one part of the body to the next, electrochemical charge, sodium potassium flow in and out of nerve, creates a static charge

inhibitory effect

someone neurotransmitters have this, if they do have this there is decreased tissue stimulation, impulses pass from one structure to the next at a slower speed, post synaptic structure has a decreased level of reaction

excitatory effect

increase on tissue stimulation, impulses cross the cleft quicker, higher level of reaction

neural-glial cells

in the CNS the non-nervous tissue is known as

neural-lima cells

PNS non nervous tissue known as

phagocytes

role is to consume necrotic tissue in the nervous system, consume dead neurons and replace them

brain

enlargement specialized portion of the spinal cord, makes us human because of our higher level thought processes, complex language system

left hemisphere

hemisphere dominant for speech and language, specialized for process of analysis, favors discrete, sequential, rapidly changing information

right hemisphere

hemisphere favors spacial, holistic elements, looks at things asa whole, emotions, face recognition, prosody, melody, art and music

telencephalon

largest part of the brain, composed of 2 highly convoluted cerebral hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

separates the 2 hemispheres

corpus callosum

joins 2 hemispheres together and allows 3 hemispheres to communicate, allows activity to be integrated

cerebral hemisphere

anatomically composed of a cortex and subcortical structures

cortex

outter covering of the brain comprised of grey matter

grey matter

neural tissue in the CNS composed of nerve cell bodies, where functional processing occurs

white matter

neural tissue is CNS composed of myelinated processes or axons, communication link to and from grey

wrinkling of the brain

increases functional area of the brain

gyride

actual functional areas, separated by groves aka salkie

salkie

set of landmarks, serve as landmarks we talk about them in relations to salkus

frontal lobe

important for planning and initiation of voluntary actions, and movement. bounded posteriorly by central salkus, inferiorly by lateral salkus, includes several functional areas.

pre central gyrus

primary motor cortex, motor strip,

motor strip

broadmans #4, activated muscles on opposite sides of the body

hummoculus

graphic depiction of human body

pre-motor cortex

broadmans #6, lies anteriorly to pre central salkus, responsible for complex, skilled movement, speech production, hand-eye coordination

prefrontal cortex

broadmans #10-12, biologically correlates of intelligence, reasoning, abstract thinking, decision making, planning, self-monitoring, pragmatic behaviors

broca's area

broadmans #44, motor speech area, responsible for tongue and jaw movement, vocal fold movement, any structures movement needed for speech production

parietal lobe

reception site for semantic senses, responsible for interpretation and elaboration of sensory experiences

postcentral gyrus, angular gyrus

2 major areas of the parietal lobe

postcentral gyrus

primary sensory cortex, broadmans #1-3

sensory strip

receive and interpret sensory information from opposite side of the body

angular gyrus

boradmans#39 comprehension of written material

temporal lobe

auditory reception, receptive language processing

heschal's gyrus, wernikes area

2 functional areas of the temporal lobe

heschal's gyrus

primary auditory cortex, boradmans#41, found on superior temporal salkus, facing lateral salkus, responsible for auditory reception and processing