music appreciation midterm

Pythagorus

• found mathematical relationship between the lenghts of string and musical pitch

• harmonious sounds come in simple intervals

Crest

highest point of wave

trough

lowest point of wave

amplitude

the height from rest postiton to crest

wavelength

distance between 2 corresponding points (controls volume)

period

time it takes for 1 full wave to pass to a point (affects pitch)

hertz

number of waves per second

transverse waves

articles move perpendicular to wave direction (ex: light)

longitudinal wave

Particles move parallel to wave direction (ex: sound).

constructive interference

waves combine to make a larger amplitude

destructive interfernce

waves combine to reduce/ cancel amplitude

pitch

how high or low a sound is

higher frequency

higher pitch

standing wave

wave pattern that reamins stationary with nodes and antinodes

nodes

points of no movement

antinode

points of maximum movement

Fundamental

The lowest frequency at which a string or pipe naturally vibrates.

Harmonic

A whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency; creates overtones.

Overtone

A higher-frequency vibration above the fundamental; same as a harmonic.

Open Pipe

A pipe that is open at both ends; has antinodes at both ends.

Closed Pipe

a pipe that is closed at one end; has a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open end.

Open Pipe Harmonics

All harmonics are possible (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.).

Closed Pipe Harmonics

Only odd-numbered harmonics are possible (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.).

Resonance

When an object vibrates at its natural frequency due to external vibrations matching it

Brass

tuba, trombone, french horn, trumpet

string

violen, viola,cello, double bass

percussion

snare drum, timpani, piano, triangle

woodwind

flute, clarinet ,oboe bassoon

increases pitch

shorten lenght, use more tension, use thinner string

sound box

amplfies sound

treble clef lines

e g b d f (every good boy does fine)

treble clef space

FACE

bass clef lines

g b d f a (george bush died for america)

bass clef spaces

a c e g (all cows eat grass)

enharmonic

same pitch differnt notes (ex c sharp d flat)

whole note

4 beat

half note

2 beats

quarter note

1 beat

eighth note

½ beat

16th note

¼ beat

dotted note

increases the duration of that note by half

time signature

top number: number of beats

bottom number: what kind of note gets 1 beat