Opposition Tsar in 1900
growth of political opposition, groups include : Liberals, Kadets, Social Democrats, Social Revolutonaries.
Social democrats (political opposition to Tsar)
split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903, believed in Marxist theory
How was the Tsar a cause of the revolution?
bad personal management skills
used nepotism (family members above qualified)
too autocratic (extreme dictatorship - wouldn't delegate jobs - inefficient)
believed in divine right of kings (no consultations of experts leading to bad leadership)
Zemstra
assemblies used to politically control countryside under Tsar's rule - peasants still paying off debt from when Tsar's Grandfather 'freed them'
mirs
communes - land shared - the more children you had the poorer you got - lack of incentive to work due to lack of private ownership
Importance of Russo-Japaneese war
first time european force had been defeated by non europeans
supposed to be unifying the country (against foreign enemy)
showed failings of russian regime
army way away in east - hard to deal w revolution
causes of Bloody Sunday
Starvation caused by being in debt from Russo- Japanese War (1904-05) + use of war communism (army fed first) - Russia lost at Port Arthur in Dec 1904, tensions in St Petersburg were rising
Russia industrializes (1863-1900)
unhappy workers being paid low wages
bad working conditions
child labour
treated unfairly
Workers from Putilov iron works on strike 3rd Jan - pay talks broke down - out on streets
events of Bloody Sunday
Father Gapon led peaceful protest, 150,000 workers + families, held icons of the Tsar, Winter Palace, present a petition, 12,000 troops opened fire on them (accident??)
consequences of Bloody Sunday
led to revolution
-100 killed + several injured
last straw for many - unfaithful to Tsar now.
causes of revolution (1905)
hunger
Bloody Sunday
had to pay for freedom (emancipation of serfs)
loss of Russo-Japaneese war
bad leadership (Nicholas II)
Events of revolution (1905)
Feb - 400,000 workers on strike in St Petersburg
April - illegal trade unions formed
April + May - first soviets formed (workers councils), aim to control factories
Oct - general strike 2.5 mil including railwaymen leading to near collapse of economy as goods couldn't be moved.
Causes of the Oct Manifesto
revolution, ministers told Tsar that system was about to collapse
What did Oct. Manifesto promise
1905, Duma (elected parliament - alternate power source for people), right to free speech and formation of political parties.
Dumas
1905 onwards, created in Oct mainfesto, pleased some ppl, slowly given less power, ignored by Tsar
Fundamental Laws
April 1906, limited the power of Dumas and allowed Tsar to regain power as supreme leader, proved the Tsar as hypocritical/cynical as he went back on Oct Manifesto
Soviet def
Workers council
Stolypin's Stick
harsh on strikers, protesters ect
20,000 exiled
1,000 killed (stolypin's necktie)
stopped opposition in countryside until 1916
Stolypin's carrot
Allowed Kulaks to opt out of mir communes
could buy up land and create larger + more efficient farms
Stolypin's effects
impressive economic growth 1908-1911, living + working conditions still v poor, profits going to France to pay off debts, assasinated in 1911 (was going to be sacked anyways)
effects of WWI in Russia
entered in 1914, tensions in country disappeared, patriotism within country (not for long)
Info about Russian army in WWI + losses
huge army, large numbers of peasants signing up (army not ready and didn't have equipment eg. boot/guns), suffered huge defeats at Masurian Lakes and Tannenburg.
Why + when did the Tsar take control of the army in WWI?
had suffered huge defeats, thought he could do it better
took control in Sep 1915
Why was the Tsarina unpopular?
She was German so people thought she was a spy
She was a strong autocrat and refused to work with the Duma
She was obsessed with Rasputin and relied on his advice
Rasputin
Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Tsarina after claiming to have healed the Tsars son through hypnosis.
why were the soldiers unhappy in 1917?
suffered huge defeats (Masurian Lakes + Tannenburg)
9.15 mil casualties
supporters of Bolshevik party
Why did the Tsar abdicate?
failures in war
mutiny in army
Duma (had overtaken Tsar and formed Prov Gov.)
Discontent in countryside (hunger, lack of war pensions)
Formation of soviets (alternate local govt for people)
strikes (250,000 on strike 7-10/03/1917)
Food shortages (THEY WERE HUNGRY)
The Tsarina + Rasputin
The weather 1916-17 (bad winter - railways froze - no food)
March revolution 1917
07/03/1917-15/03/1917 Tsar abdicated on 15th
Cossacks
elite army - Tsars bodyguards
Okhrana
Tsars secret police - control
Provisional Govt role
goal to set up elections
were the new official govt of Russia
challenges Prov Gov had to deal w when elected?
continue war or not?
land reform to peasants or to wait until after elections?
how to deal w the hunger + discontent in cities?
Petrograd Soviet
unofficial govt, controlled armed forces (Order NO.1), many of 2500 deputies were SRs, Menshevks and some Bolsheviks, willing to work w Prov Gov, wanted to give land to peasants
Alexander Kerensky
leader of Prov Gov, role in July days (sent troops into to kill rioters and claimed Lenin was a German spy)
April Thesis
16th April (Lenin back from exile)
end war w/ Germany
land reform (given to communists)
banks nationalised
Bolsheviks -> Communists
scrap Prov Gov (no support)
April Thesis slogans
'Peace, Bread, Land!'
'All Power to the Soviets!'
July Days causes
huge mutiny in army after failures in war
100,000 soldiers + Bolsheviks on streets
spurred on by April Thesis
July Days Events
3 days of rioting (17-19/07/1917)
'All power to the soviets!!' 'Peace, Land, Bread!!'
Kerensky (leader of prov gov. ) sent loyal troops into Pertrograd, killed + wounded 400, claimed Lenin was a German spy + Bolsheviks were Germans
Consequences of July Days
Lenin back in exile to Finland
Other leading Bolsheviks arrested + imprisoned / sent to Siberia
Causes of Kornilov Revolt
Alexander Kerensky wanted to get rid of Petrograd Soviet.
Kornilov was Kerensky's commander in chief
Kornilov wanted to get rid of Kerensky
Events of Kornilov revolt
September 1917
Kornilov marched troops towards Petrograd to ged rip of Prov Gov + Bshvks.
Kerensky armed Bolsheviks to defend the city (25,000 armed)
Kornilov troops refused to fight fellow workers (K. arested)
Consequences of Kornilov revolt
Bolsheviks heros (saved Prov Gov. w Red Guard)
Bshvks armed
Bshvks came out as an armed + disciplined force not German agents
Bolsheviks majority in Petrograd + Moscow soviets
Why was Prov Gov failing?
war effort failed (tried to carry on but mass mutiny ect.)
didnt sort out land + now peasants just taking it for themselves -> soldiers don't want to miss out ect
Nov Revolution 1917
6-8th Nov 1917
very little opposition
Women + children only guarding Winter Palace
organised by Trotsky
Bolshevik Decrees 1917
Nov to Dec 1917
decrees on land, work, unemployment insurance, Cheka set up, lack of free speech/press, banking, marriage
helped consolidate power -> create totalitarian govt.
Constituent Assembly
freely elected assembly promised by the Bolsheviks, permanently disbanded after one day (Jan 18,1918) under Lenins orders after the Bolsheviks won less than one fourth of the elected seats. -> Russia's trial in democracy (didnt end well...)
Red Amy info
Nov 1917 had small amount of disciplined Red Guards, Lenin needed more, Red Army set up Jan 1918, most were peasants wanting to protect new gov which represented working class
Who were the whites in the civil war?
Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Tsarists, Landlords, capitalists, Czech Leigions, foreign countries
3 White generals in civil war
Denkin, Kolchak, Yudenich
Key events of Civil War
xxx
Why was Trotsky disliked?
kept mens families hostage + appointed political commissioners to keep Red Army loyal
harsh military rule
Cheka v prominent w/ beating, hangings, shooting (suspected) opponents - Red Terror
war communism - army fed first so food requisition patrols + starvation in countryside ect.
Why was Trotsky great?
brilliant leader
created strong Red Army
picked off each army of whites one by one while defending major cities in west
defended major cities in west that were Red strong points
intellectual
disadvantages of whites
not united, had different aims, couldnt coordinate
limited support from Russian peasants
War Communism (1918-1921)
all large factories controlled by govt
production controlled
strict discipline
food rationed + surplus had to be handed over
Kronstadt uprising
Feb 1921
mutiny at Kronstadt naval base (bffs w Lenin)
Trotsky sent 60,000 troops + killed 1000 Kronsadt soldiers (overkill)
New Economic Policy
Lenin in 1924, (capitalist??) policy to fix famine,
govt takes 50% not just surplus so product could be sold for profit (capitalism - incentive to grow more)
controversial
worked.
politburo
A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia, included Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin
when did Lenin die?
died in Jan 1924, w no clear leader shown
importance of Lenins funeral
Trotsky told by Stalin that funeral was on 26th jan - would be away so couldn't make it
Funeral actually help on 27th - Stalin appeared as chief mourner + close to Lenin
Why did Stalin win the power struggle between him and Trotsky?
funeral lies
Stalin was general secretary (important but boring, could put supporters in power + ignore opposition)
was georgian (seen as a man of the people + people allied w him + understood mood --- however this could be propaganda ect
socialism within one country
expulsions of ppl he didnt like ( ex. 1927 took Bukharin's side in debate about NEP to get rid of Trotsky. Once Trotsky had left attacked B. w T's arguements)
Why did Trotsky lose the power struggle between him and Stalin?
arrogant (underestimated Stalin)
was war commissar (ppl scared he would put USSR in conflict + wanted to spread communism which would involve invasion and battles that Russia couldn't afford)
fell ill in 1923 when Lenin was dying (when he needed to be politically active - missed Lenin's funeral ect.)
initially against NEP (caused division within party which Stalin could manipulate)
Trotsky exiled?
To Siberia in 1928
when did the first 5 year plan begin?
1928-32
when did Stalin become official party leader of USSR?
1929 - Trotsky exiled
collectivisation
began in 1929
peasants put land together to form large joint farms (kolkhoz) - 90% to state 10% for food
modernisation of agriculture
how did Stalin try to convince peasants that collectivisation was good?
offering free seed + other perks
peasants distrustful + didnt want to but Stalin thought it was too inefficient
consequences of collectivisation
famine in 1932-33 bc food production fell under (millions died)
intense propaganda displaying kulaks as bad guys
requisition parties to take food
5 Year Plans (USSR)
set out by GOSPLAIN
to industrialize quickly
heavy industry prioritized
1st was 1928-32
2nd was 1933-38
3rd was 1938-42
Kirov
assassinated in 1934
leader of Leningrad (Petrograd) soviet
was fitter than Stalin so S got jealous
Purges
began in 1934
to 'cleanse' party of traitors
kill/ send to gulags opposition/ party members
Why did the show trials take place?
show of power / propaganda (not for justice)
protect status of party
ensure Stalin as party leader
People in the show trials (+dates)
Kamenev (1936)
Zinoviev (1936)
Bukharin (1938)
confessed to crimes they didnt commit
The Great Terror
different to Red Terror in civil war
1936-38 (peaked in 37)
outside of party (Purges inside)
over 50% of military commanders shot (liquidation) (afraid of military coup) -> loss of experience
18 mil sent to gulags (work camps typically in Siberia) , 10 mil died
Cult of Personality
citizens admire Stalin + dont think he had anything to do with purges ect., history rewritten, young pioneers, LOTS of soviet propaganda
The Constitution of 1936
meant to provide freedom + human rights
eventually fully controlled by Stalin through Politburo
How did Stalin control the USSR in the 30s?
propaganda
Show Trials ( opposition in party removed)
Education (edited textbooks, Young Pioneers introduced --Hitler Youth but USSR)
Purges ( showed Stalins power)
Control of Communist Party (absolute leader of party + politburo)
Great Terror
Cult of Personality
Loyal followers ( nice things like libraries + sports facilities built)
How did Stalin use propaganda and censorship in the 30s to keep control?
socialist realism art, Stalin everywhere in statues/portrates/photos --often photo-shopped -- , patriotism, used to praise stalins rule, religous worship banned so S. became a GOD) e.g. cover of magazine in 1949 of Stalin's face being projected into sky for 70th birthday w crowd cheering below.
Why did Stalin want to modernise USSR when he took control?
increase military strength ( could only fight modern war if had industries to provide -- wont have a repeat of WW1)
Rival economies of USA (make USSR self-sufficient, improve standards of living so people value communist rule)
Increase food supplies ( more workers in industries in towns / cities, sell grain to make money, farming reorgaised so can make more grain w less people)
Create a Communist society ( communist (Marxist) theory says most ppl have 2 b working)
establish his reputation (prove himself)
pros of 5 year plans
huge increase in production of industrial goods
women in work
improvement of healthcare
education free + compulsory
sports facilities / libraries
houses provided
cons of 5 year plans
inefficiency
shortage of consumer goods
waste of effort??
24/7 work
harsh factory discipline (internal passports, lost housing if late/ ill, sent to gulags)
queues for food
famine (collectivisation) 1932-33
overcrowding
strict targets (extra work)
When was the non aggression pact and when was it broken?
Nazi-Soviet pact signed in Aug 1939 to divide Poland
June 22 1941 Nazi Germany attack Russa w/ huge losses to Red Army
Why was Stalin a good leader during WW2?
speeches on radio unifying country (Nov 1941 speech from Moscow where he stayed in Moscow, linked to winter counter attack that saved Moscow)
cult of personality
industrialisation in 30s so country was ready (predicted it in 1931 speech)
propaganda
scorched earth policy
sacrificed son for greater good
moved factories beyond Ural Mountains -> further for Nazis
Why was Stalin a bad leader during WW2?
unprepared (Nazi-Soviet pact, didn't believe intelligence reports)
Tried to defend every inch of land, soldiers who retreated where shot
July 3rd speech where he sounded weak
didnt listen to generals in 1st year of war
army was inexperienced (had liquidated officer corporals before war as he was paranoid of a coup)