Chapter 2 patho

cell and tissue characteristics

the smallest functional unit of life

cell

an aggregate of cells with similar specialized functions

Tissue

is made of multiple types of tissue, has specific vital functions

Organ

group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

organ system

an individual

organism

membrane enclosed organelles

cytoplasmic matrix

inorganic ions(K+)

organic molecules

water

cytoplasm components

genome

enzymes needed for transcription and translation

nucleus components

packaging

Golgi apparatus

makes proteins and lipids (smooth and rough)

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleoproteins (rRNA+proteins)

ribosomes

digestion of unwanted materials

lysosomes

performs oxidative reactions and creates bile acids within liver

peroxisomes

breakdown deranged proteins

proteasomes

powerhouse of the cells and regulates apoptosis

mitochondria

controls transport from in and out of cell

signaling receptors

electrical currents

regulates growth and proliferation

plasma membrane

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

lipid bilayer

hormones carried into bloodstream to distinct cell

endocrine

signaling acts on nearby cells

paracrine

cell releases chemical that affects is own activity

autocrine

neurotransmitters released from neurons into synapse to act on neighboring cells

synaptic

signal transduction

binding of chemical message on the surface or inside the cell

ligand

the messenger molecule

what does ligands attach to?

receptor proteins

how does cell regulate responses to chemical messages?

by increasing or decreasing the number of receptors

catabolism

breaks down nutrients and body tissue to produce energy

anabolism

builds more complex molecules from smaller ones

anaerobic metabolism

occurs in cytoplasm and obtains 2 ATP from 1 glucose molecule

aerobic metabolism

occurs in mitochondria and obtains 36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule

diffusion

is a passive process

simple diffusion

through membrane down concentration gradient

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules

facilitated diffusion

passing through a transporter

active transport

requires energy and moves against the gradient

endocytosis

cells surround and take in material from surroundings

exocytosis

secretion of intracellular substances into extracellular space

cell differentiation

Occurs in embryogenesis via control of gene expression \n Maintained throughout life through cell memory

stem cells

partially differentiated cells for tissue regeneration throughout life

epithelial tissue

Covers outer surface and lines internal closed cavities and body tubes that connect with exterior of body

Glandular epithelium

specialized to secrete fluid

can smooth muscle divide?

yes

can skeletal and cardiac muscle divide?

no but can regenerate to replace it