Malaria

Vector of Malaria

Female Anopheles Mosquito

What is the Cause of Malaria?

Plasmodium Parasite

What type of parasite is plasmodium?

Protozoa

Drug of Choice for Malaria?

Co-Arten

Sexual Phase of Plasmodium is called?

Sporogony Phase

Sporogony Phase occurs where?

Female Anopheles Mosquitoes

Asexual Phase of Plasmodium occurs where?

Humans

Who is the intermediate host of Plasmodium?

Humans

Female Anopheles Mosquito Characteristic: Daytime Biter or Nighttime Biter?

Nighttime Biter

Female Anopheles Mosquito Characteristic: Low Flying or High Flying?

High Flying

Asexual Phase of Plasmodium is called?

Schizogony Phase

Female Anopheles Mosquito Characteristic: Bites in Motion or Does not bite in Motion?

Does not bite in motion

Female Anopheles Mosquito Characteristic: Clean flowing Water or Dirty Stagnant Water?

Likes Clean flowing Water

4 Plasmodium Species in the Philippines

Plasmodium Falciparum

Plasmodium Ovale

Plasmodium Malariae
Plasmodium Vivax

Plasmodium Species: Most Common In Philippines

Plasmodium Falciparum

Plasmodium Falciparum causes 2 primary symptoms

Cerebral Edema & Black Water Fever

Plasmodium Species: rare in Philippines

Plasmodium Ovale

Plasmodium Species: causes Benign Tertiary Malaria

Plasmodium Vivax

Benign Tertiary Malaria caused by Plasmodium Vivax is characterized as?

Fever & Chills every 48 hours or 3rd day

Quartan Malaria caused by Plasmodium Malariae is characterized as?

Fever & Chills every 72 hours or 4th day

Pathophysiology of Tertian Malaria (P. vivax): Bursting of RBC @ 48 hrs releases what that causes the immune system to react, producing classical fever, chills, rigors or shaking.

Merozoites (Parasite), Hemozoin (Toxic Metabolic Waste), Pyrogens

Pathophysiology of Quartan Malaria (P. malariae): RBC burst @ 72 hours or 4th day, releases what substances that makes the immune system active, producing classical signs of fever, chills, and rigor or shaking.

Merozoites or Parasites, Hemozoin or the Toxic Metabolic Waste, Pyrogens

active, free form of plasmodium that invades RBC and makes the RBC burst, spreading it to other RBCs

Merozoites

The merozoites, once inside the blood, ingest hemoglobin. Once the hemoglobin is digested by merozoites, it produces globin and heme, and heme is highly toxic to the merozoite, so the merozoite covers the heme in an insoluble, non toxic crystal called _____

Hemozoin

Hemozoin color

Dark Brown Pigment

Any substance that acts on the hypothalamus to reset body temperature higher than normal

Ex: Hemozoin (foreign substance that can induce fever)
WBC ( releases inflammatory mediators to hypothalamus causing classical fever)

Pyrogens

Incubation period of Plasmodium Falciparum

7 - 14 days

Incubation period of Plasmodium Ovale

12 - 18 days

Incubation period of Plasmodium Vivax

12 - 18 days

Incubation period of Plasmodium Malariae

18 - 40 days

3 Modes of Transmission of malaria

Bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito

Transfusion of Blood

Transplacental (rare)

3 stages of malaria

Cold (Chills)

Hot (Fever)

Wet (Diaphoresis)

3 stages of malaria: Mgt for Cold or Chills

Blanket

3 stages of malaria: Mgt for Hot (Fever)

Tepid Sponge Bath

3 stages of malaria: Mgt for Diaphoresis

Pat Dry

Severe Malaria Results to:

Metabolic Acidosis

Renal Failure

Hemoglobinuria (BlackWater Fever)

Jaundice

Hepatomegaly

Hypoglycemia

Plasmodium Falciparum targets what RBC?

Old and Young

Plasmodium Ovale targets what RBC?

Young

Plasmodium Vivax targets what RBC?

Young

Plasmodium Malariae targets what RBC?

Old

Young RBC are called

reticulocytes

Old RBC are called

erythrocytes

Confirmatory Test or Gold Standard Test for Malaria done at the peak of fever using pt’s blood as a specimen done within 15 - 30 mins

Malarial Smear

Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria done within 10 - 15 mins

Quantitative Buffy Coat Test

4 PRIMARY ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS

Chloroquine

Primaquine

Co-Artem

Quinine

Old Treatment for Malaria

Chloroquine

Chemoprophylaxis for Malaria

Doxycycline
Chloroquine

Chemoprophylaxis for Malaria w/ a dosing schedule of 1 - 2 days before going out to malaria endemic area, taken daily while on the malaria endemic site, and continue taking daily for 4 weeks after leaving malaria endemic area.

1 - 2 days before

taken DAILY while on the site

4 weeks DAILY after

Doxycycline

Chemoprophylaxis for Malaria w/ a dosing schedule of 1 - 2 weeks before going out to malaria endemic area, taken weekly while on the malaria endemic site and continue taking it for 4 weeks WEEKLY after leaving the malaria endemic area

1 - 2 weeks before going out

taken WEEKLY while on the site

taken WEEKLY for 4 weeks after leaving the site

Chloroquine

Pt Education to prevent malaria

wear long sleeves, and spray insect repellant

a public health vector control strategy in which domestic animals (such as cattle, pigs, or buffalo) are used to divert blood-seeking mosquitoes away from human hosts, thereby reducing the transmission of vector-borne diseases like malaria.

Zooprophylaxis