Chapter 9: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

formal assessments should be

reliable, valid, and standardized

test-retest reliability

a measure of the correlation between the scores of the same people, on the same test, given on two different occasions

internal consistency

the degree to which a test yields similar scores across its different parts (such as odd versus even items)

split-half reliability

a measure of the correlation of between test takers’ performance on different halves of a test

face validity

the degree to which test items appear to be directly related to the attribute the researcher wished to measure

criterion validity

the degree to which test scores indicate a result on a specific measure that is consistent with some other criterion of the characteristic being assessed; also known as predictive validity

construct validity

the degree to which a test adequately measures an underlying construct

standardization

the administration of a testing device to all participants, in the same way, under the same conditions

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale adapted by Terman

to find IQ: divide mental age by chronological age and then multiply by 100

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III)

has 14 subtests that span verbal and performance aspects of IQ

mental retardation

when individuals have an IQ score of 70 to 75 or below and also demonstrate limitations in the ability to bring adaptive skills to bear on life tasks

gifted

individuals are labeled as gifted when they have an IQ score above 130

Charles Spearman

carried out an early and influential application of factor analysis in the domain of intelligence

Raymond Cattell

determined that general intelligence can be broken down into crystallized and fluid intelligences

crystallized intelligence

a type of intelligence containing knowledge that a person has acquired and the ability to access that knowledge

fluid intelligence

a type of intelligence that involves the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence

contains analytical, creative, and practical intelligences

analytical intelligence

a type of intelligence containing the components or mental processes that underlie thinking and problem solving

creative intelligence

a type of intelligence that captures people’s ability to deal with novel versus very routine problems

practical intelligence

a type of intelligence reflected in the management of day-to-day affairs

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

spatial, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, linguistic, and logical-mathematical intelligences

Henry Goddard

he advocated for the mental testing of all immigrants and the selective exclusion of those who were found to be mentally defective

Claude Steele

has argued that people’s performance on ability tests is influenced by stereotype threat

stereotype threat

the threat associated with being at risk for confirming a negative stereotype of one’s group