mea 100 test

What resources does the earth have that make it suitable for life?

Matter

Energy from the sun

The Big Bang Theory

Universe started as a singularity, initially so hot and dense that the laws of physics as we know them did not apply.

Rapid expansion (explosion) of the universe allowed fundamental forces of physics to separate, matter to form.

Doppler Effect

Objects moving towards the observer have shorter wavelength

Objects moving away from the observer have a longer wavelength

When the star is moving away from the starlight it is called?

red-shifted

how does the universe sounds like we would expect from the big bang theory

Cosmic microwave background radiation (not actually sound- but easy to remember as the background "hiss" of static)

The most common element in the universe

hydrogen(-90%) and helium (-9%)

what is the simplest form of matter

Hydrogen: 1 proton and 1 ecetron

estimated age of the universe

13.8 billion years

Solar Nebular Hypothesis

a belief that the solar system began as a cloud of interstellar dust and gas, known as a nebula, that started to spin and condense into a solar system.

The hypothesis states: Solar systems start as nebular clouds that collapse in on itself.

what is the age of the earth

4.6 billion years

what is a system

Any part of the universe that we can isolate for study

what is a model

A simplified representation of something used to organize information in manageable forms

what are the characteristics of a system?

Boundaries

Inputs and outputs

Cycles

Dynamic interactions

isolated system

matter and energy can't enter

closed system

matter can enter but not energy

open system

open to both matter and energy

is the earth an open or closed system

closed system

what is a cycle

A cycle is a process or series of events that repeats regularly

Examples: water cycle, air cycle

what are the basics of a geochemical cycle

reservoirs, fluxes and residence time

reservoirs

a place where the matter accumulates

fluxes

rate of transfer of matter from one reservoir to another

residence time

the amount of time an average "piece" of matter (molecule, atom) resides in the reservoir.

How is residence time calculated?

Amount of matter in reservoir / removal rate(or supply rate)

what is a steady state

Removal=Supply

Positive coupling:

same direction of change in linked components

negative coupling

opposition direction of change in linked components.

Feedback loops

Couplings create feedback loops. When a change in one part of a system produces an effect that can further alter the first part of the system.

Positive feedback

this amplifies the initial change

negative feedback

opposes the initial change

two forms of energy

Potential Energy (stored: such as water in water tower)

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy: Energy that is stored in system, can take the form of

chemical energy, nuclear energy, stored mechanical energy, gravitational energy

chemical energy

energy is required to break bonds, it is released when bonds are formed. Energy from heating food or fuel source.

nuclear energy

radioactive decay, nuclear reactions (Fission:splitting atoms, Fusion: combining atoms to form a single atom).

stored mechanical energy

Energy stored in objects by the application of force

Gravitational Energy

roller coasters is an example of this

Kinetic energy:

energy of motion, expressed through movement of electrons, atoms, molecules and objects.

examples of kinetic energy

motion, radiant energy, thermal energy, electrical energy and sound

radiant energy

comes in the form of waves, shorter the wavelength the higher the amount of energy, light is a form of radiant energy.

thermal energy

heat is change in energy, temperature measure of molecular speed.

latent heat

amount of energy required to change the state of matter)

electrical energy

movement of electrons along a metal wire.

For Earth's temperature to be stable over long periods of time, incoming energy and outgoing energy have to be equal. this state of balance is called?

radiative equilibrium.

The sun is a star that produces heat as a result of

thermonuclear reactions(fusion)

Internal Energy Sources

Radiogenic heat (50-90%)

Accretionary heat

Tidal heating (friction)( -0.5%)

Core formation

Net Radiation

balance between incoming short-wave energy from the sun and all outgoing radiation from the Earth.

Nucleosynthesis:

the element formation in stars

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by

the distribution of electrons in electron shells

Groups

elements in a vertical column that have the same number of electrons in their valence shell and this have similar properties.

A covalent bond

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, the shared electrons count as part of each atom's valence shell.

Polar covalent bonds

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.

Hydrogen bonds

This forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

Law Thermal Expansion

As materials warm, they expand, this is true of solids liquids and gasses

which is more dense and thin, continental crust or oceanic crust

continental crust

Modern theory: Plate tectonics

The outer solid portion of the earth is composed of rigid plates that slowly move over the underlying mantle.

1912: Wegener's Continental Drift Hypothesis

The continents were once united into a single supercontinent called Pangaea, meaning all earth in ancient Greek. He suggested that Pangaea broke up long ago and that the continents then moved to their current positions.

World War II prompted 2 major technological advances

Sonar- depth of the seafloor(bathymetry)

Magnetometers- great for detecting metal hulls of submarines or the magnetic signature of rocks on the seafloor.

who proposed a theory on seafloor spreading?

Harry Hess, Naval officer in WWII

paleomagnetism

Magnetic minerals in lavas alien with local magnetic girls when they cool

Lithosphere(stronger)

crust+uppermost mantle = tectonic plate

Asthenosphere

layer in the upper mantle

Divergent boundary

at divergent plate boundaries he two plates are moving away from one another

Convergent boundary

the two plates are moving towards each other

Transform boundary

the two plates are sliding past each other

what causes earthquakes

Solid portion of the earth causes friction and the rocks break

what causes volcanoes to erupt

when the earth is generate new crust

Some examples of various plate tectonic processes

subduction, volcanism, oceanic ridge spreading, mountain building, rift formation.

convergent plate boundaries

subduction, ocean-ocean, ocean-continent

subduction

one plate is pushed into the mantle

Ocean- ocean

island arcs which is a chain of volcanic islands form behind a trench

ocean-continent

ocean crust subducts under less dense continental crust

are there more big earthquakes or small ones

small earthquakes

Where do the biggest earthquakes occur?

We tend to see the biggest earthquakes on convergent plate boundaries. They are so strong that they move the ocean and generate tsunamis.

Compression /primary (p-waves)

Rock pushed or pulled forward or backward

Oscillation of particle parallel to wave direction

Fastest seismic waves

Travel through all layers of the earth

Shear /secondary (s-waves)

Rock is shaken or whipped

Oscillation of particle perpendicular to wave direction

Second fastest seismic wave. cannot travel through air water or molten rock because liquids flow toto easily and cannot sustain shear forces.

Shadow Zone

is an area where a seismic wave cannot be detected after it has passed through the earth.

This is how we know the earth has an outer core.

seismometer

detects P, S and L waves.

Measure how much energy has been released by the earthquake.

Measure the arrival time of P, S and L waves

what is the intersection where the circles meet on the map known as?

epicenter of earthquake

Lava Hazards

Not the most hazardous volcanic emission.

Damages property but generally moves slowly so people can get out of the way. Dangerous to infrastructure.