Axial Bones

Musculoskeletal System

Composed of bones, joints, and muscles working together.

Axial Skeleton

Consists of bones arranged along the longitudinal axis, including the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes the bones of the girdles and upper and lower limbs.

Types of Bones

Classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.

Sesamoid Bones

Develop in tendons or ligaments.

Sutural Bones

Found within the sutures of some cranial bones.

Surface Markings

Structural features visible on the surfaces of bones, aiding in specific functions.

Cranial Bones

Eight bones that form the cranium: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

Facial Bones

Fourteen bones that form the face: nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, and mandible.

Nasal Septum

Divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides; made of vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, and septal cartilage.

Foramina

Passages in skull bones for nerves and blood vessels.

Sutures

Immovable joints connecting most bones of the skull; examples include coronal and sagittal sutures.

Paranasal Sinuses

Cavities in skull bones connected to the nasal cavity.

Fontanels

Mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in infants that fill with bone after birth.

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped bone supporting the tongue, not articulating with any other bone.

Vertebral Column

Consists of 26 bones: cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx, providing support and balance.