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Carolus Linneaus
Created binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
how species are classified
Bionomial nomenclature
two part name for each species
Georges Cuvier
Largely developed paleontology, advocated catastrophism
Catastrophism
geologic changes occur suddenly.
Charles Lyell
uniformitarianism: same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the earth's surface
Uniformitarianism
geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Developed use and disuse and the inheritance of traits.
Malthus
Looked at human population and effect of poverty.
Wallace
"Struggle for existence" theory, weakest die off
Use and Disuse
parts of body used get stronger, parts that aren’t used deteriorate
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
organisms' bodies change during their lifetimes by use and disuse, these changes are inherited by their offspring.
Charles Darwin
formulated theory of evolution by natural selection.
Natural Selection
individuals that have certain inherited traits survive and reproduce more than others
Adaptations
Changes that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce
Artificial Selection
Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.
Populations
Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
Paleontology
study of fossils
Homology
similar characteristics because of shared ancestry
Homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Embryonic homologies
Similar structures in embryos
Vestigial structures
A structure that is present in an organism but no longer has a purpose
Molecular homologies
Shared characteristics on the molecular level
Convergent Evolution
unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.
Divergent Evolution
species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time.
Analogous Structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure.
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms.
Continental Drift
continents moving over time
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Mutations
The source of all genetic diversity.
Crossing over
homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids
Independent assortment
Independent segregation of genes
Fertilization
male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.
Population genetics
Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.
Gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
frequency of alleles in gene pool remain constant over time.
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
Genetic drift
allele frequency change quickly due to event, Bottleneck Effect and Founder’s Effect
Founder effect
Change in allele frequencies, migration to create new population
Bottleneck effect
A change in allele frequency following population plummeting
Gene flow
Movement of alleles in or out of a population due to the migration of individuals
Relative fitness
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
Directional selection
Occurs when natural selection favors a variation of a trait.
Disruptive selection
Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range.
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
Diploidy
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells.
Heterozygous advantage
Heterozygous alleles have greater selective advantage.
Speciation
The formation of a new species
Macroevolution
speciation
Biological species concept
Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.
Reproductive isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Prezygotic barriers
stops individuals from mating
Postzygotic barriers
Prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult.
Habitat isolation
Two species occupy different habitats, not isolated by physical barriers.
Behavioral isolation
different mating behavior
Temporal isolation
reproduce at different times.
Mechanical isolation
Morphological differences can prevent successful mating.
Gametic isolation
sperm can’t fertilize egg
Reduced hybrid viability
genes of different species interact and impair hybrid development.
Reduced hybrid fertility
Sterile hybrids due to uneven chromosome number.
Hybrid breakdown
Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.
Allopatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.
Autopolyploid
An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species.
Adaptive radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species.
Gradualism
evolution occurs slowly but steadily.
Punctuated equilibrium
long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change.
Protocells
An abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings.
Oparin and Haldane
Proposed that the primitive atmosphere contained methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water. these gases collided, producing chemical reactions that eventually led to organic molecules.
Miller and Urey
Tested the hypothesis that life began from simple organic molecules (proteins-amino acids) by creating the conditions of early earth within the lab.
Self-replicating RNA
first genetic material.
Ribozymes
RNA molecules that function as enzymes.
Fossil record
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers.
Paleontologists
Scientists who study fossils.
Relative dating
determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock.
Radiometric dating
The process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products.
Prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
Endosymbiosis evidence
Mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own DNA, double membranes, and reproduce through binary fission.
Multicellular eukaryotes
Plants, animals, fungi
Colonization of land
Occurred about 500 million years ago when plants, fungi, and animals began to appear on Earth
Panagea
landmass
Mass extinctions
The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of time.
Mesozoic Era
middle life; rise of mammals and dinosaurs; the rise of birds; extinction of dinosaurs, rise of flowering plants.
Cretaceous extinction
The extinction of more than half of all species on the planet, including the dinosaurs.
Permian Extinction
Largest mass extinction in history, as it wiped out about 90% of all marine animal species.
Cambrian Explosion
lots of species emerged at once
Homeotic genes
control spatial organization of organism
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Phylogenetic trees
Branching diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
Molecular systematics
uses nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships.
Cladogram
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Shared derived characters
An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.
Molecular clocks
Evolutionary timing methods based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.
3 domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
