Ch 1-6 Everything's an Argument Review

arguments to convince + inform

factual and reliable evidence (logos) to convince or persuade an audience to accept a claim to be true

ex: scientists proving the Earth is round

argument to persuade

move audience to agree with claim

ex: persuasion uses more pathos + emotions

argument to make a decision

determining the best alternative in a situation

ex: government’s role in citizens’ lives (a lot vs a little)

arguments to understand and explore

arguments that need deeper examination/clarifications

ex: a role of a father in kids’ lives

invitational argument

introduced by first trying to understand opposing opinion

Rogerian argument

find common ground, establish trust, try to find win/win solutions

forensic argument

debating the past

ex: speeding ticket jury

deliberative argument

debate what future should be

ex: legislature debating new policies

Epideictic or Ceremonial Arguments

based on morals/values, determining if someone deserves praise

ex: college graduation speaker for completing the hard courses

pathos advantages

inspires audience to move towards action

pathos disadvantage

may manipulate emotions leading to biased decisions/defesiveness; least ethical

argument

statement that can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or a testimony

argument of definition

need to clarify controversial word

argument of evaluation

establish specific standards and then assess people, ideas, or things based on those standards

proposal argument

claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action

artistic proofs

Arguments the writer/speaker creates

ex: constructed arguments, appeals to reason/common sense

inartistic proofs

arguments the writer/speaker was given

ex: facts, statistics, testimonies, witnesses, contracts, documents

confirmation bias

interpret evidence to support own beliefs

types of fallacies of an emotional argument

scare tactics, either/or choices, slippery slope, sentimental appeals, bandwagon appeal

scare tactics

frightening people by exaggerating potential dangers

either or choices

claims only 2 choices with 2 possible endings

slippery slope

chain event of misfortune consequences that stem from one decision to scare the audience

sentimental appeals

persuade using feelings only (no evidence)

bandwagon appeals

utilizes people’s desire to fit in

types of fallacies of ethical argument

false authority, dogmatism, Ad Hominem, stack the deck

dogmatism

he or she has essentially said that no other belief but his or her own is the correct, or acceptable, one to hold

ad hominem

unnecessary attacks on character

stack the deck

only shows one side of the argument

types of fallacies of a logical argument

hasty generalization, faulty causality, begging the question, equivocation, non sequitur, straw man, red herring, faulty analogy

hasty generalization

an inference is drawn from insufficient data

faulty causality

inaccurate assumption that one thing caused another to happen, based solely on the fact that one came before the other

begging the question

when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it

equivocation

a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language

non sequitur

the claims, reasons, and warrants don’t logically connect

straw man

opponent’s position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so that it’s easier to refute

red herring

writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from potentially objectionable claims

faulty analogy

comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate

rhetorical analysis

close, critical reading of a text or analyzing of a video, to figure out and sometimes criticize how they function