HOSA clinical nursing competition

What system has greatly increased the number and types of health care settings?

Health care system

What health care workers help individuals and aggregates (groups) to improve health of the entire community?

Community health nurses

What is the main difference between home health care nursing and public health care nursing?

Direct care to patients

What major health care involves teaching patients and families to care for themselves so as to promote independent functioning?

Home health care

What is a major source of home health care funding?

Medicare

For what do these 4 conditions have to be met for?

1. the physician has determined the need for home care

2. the patient needs intermitted skilled nursing care or physical or speech-language therapy or continued occupational therapy

3. the patient is homebound

4. the agency providing the care is Medicare certified

Medicare

What are the high-technology interventions (the provisions of intravenous therapy and ventilator), hospice services, pediatric care, and mental health care for?

Specialty home care services

What is the process of restoring an individual to the best possible health and functioning following a physical or mental impairment and the prevention of further disability?

Rehabilitation

Caring for what type of patient requires the coordinated services of a large number of health care professionals to help patients stay healthy and prevent complications or injuries?

Disabled

As an effective member of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team, the __________ is a care planner, teacher, caregiver, counselor, coordinator, and advocate

Nurse

________ ________ workers must consider the way a disabled individual functions within the family and the patient and family should be involved from the outset in determining the plan of care

Health care

___________ in activities of daily living is the best indicator of who will need nursing home placement

Dependence

What residential care exists in these 4 levels:

1. domiciliary care

2. sheltered housing

3. intermediate care

4. skilled care

Modern long-term

Care delivered in _____________ residential facility is based on 3 principles:

1. promotion of independence

2. maintenance of function

3. maintenance of autonomy (freedom from external authority to make decisions about one's health and health care)

Long-term care

What is the cornerstone of the healing process?

Nutrition

To support and maintain life for fight disease, the body must be supplied with the proper __________

Nutrients

What process involves enzymes helping break down food particles to their simplest form so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the body?

Digestive

What body system regulates neural control and the secretion of hormones?

Gastrointestinal

Parasympathetic nerves stimulate what?

Digestive activity

What major organ is normally emptied in 1-4 hours, depending on the amount and kinds of food eaten?

Stomach

The primary organ of absorption is the _______ _________

Small intestine

Fluids, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed through the intestinal ___________

Mucosa

The body makes use the energy received through the food that is eaten, and the _________ portion of __________ expenditure occurs during rest to carry out the mechanical activities needed to sustain life processes

Largest/energy

Although ________ are the body's main source of food energy, ________ are the most concentrated source

Carbohydrates/fats

Most of the energy needed to move, perform activities, and live is consumed in the form of _________, which are converted primarily to glucose for immediate use by the body's cells

Carbohydrates

________ are a major source of energy for muscle tissue, even when glucose is available

Lipids

_______ are made of smaller units called amino acids

Proteins

_________ and _________ are micronutrients; they are needed in small amounts for good health

Vitamins/minerals

________ is the largest component of the body and body tissues are essential to all life processes in the body

Water

Maintaining a good diet can help middle-aged and older adults maintain a high level of function and reduce the risks of _______ disease

Chronic

Because of the normal decline in metabolism and physical activity, _______ needs lessen with age

Energy

________ are at risk for megaloblastic anemia if adequate _______ ______ is not added to the diet

Vegetarians/vitamin B12

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating disorder are ______ disorders that often begin in adolescence

Eating

______ disorders are thought to be caused by multiple biologic, psychologic, sociocultural, and spiritual factors

Eating

For patients who cannot take ______ feedings, nutritional support may be provided through enteral tube feedings, or peripheral, or central catheters

Oral

If a subcutaneous injection is to be given at a 90 degree angle, you should choose a needle that is ______ inches in length

1/2

If a subcutaneous injection is to be given at a 45 degree angle, you should choose a needle that is ______ inches in length

5/8

______ ______ is enough of a drug to produce the desired physiological response, but not enough to cause toxicity

Therapeutic response

All ______ should be stored in a locked cabinet

Narcotics

Narcotics should be ______ frequently, during the opening of narcotic drawers, and/or shift change

Counted

Report discrepancies in narcotic counts ______

Immediately

If you give only part of a premeasured dose of a controlled substance, a ______ nurse witnesses' disposal disposal of the unused portion

Second

______ nurses sign their names on the required form

Both

______ is the passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration

Absorption

After a medication is absorbed, it is ______ to tissues and organs and finally to the site of drug action

Distributed

The rate and extent of distribution depends on ______, cell membrane ______, and protein binding. When their is poor perfusion, as in the case of heart failure, this ______ medication distribution

Circulation/permeability/alters

After a medication reaches its site of action, it becomes ______ into a less active or inactive form

Metabolized

Most biotransformation occurs in the _______, although the lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines also play a role

Liver

Patients (e.g. older adults and those with chronic disease) are at risk for ______ ______ if their organs that metabolize medications do not function correctly

Medication toxicity

The final aspect of pharmacokinetics is ______, the process of medications exiting the body through the lungs, exocrine glands, bowel, kidneys, and liver

Excretion

A medication's ______ ______ determines the organ of excretion.

For example, gaseous and volatile compounds, such as alcohol and nitrous oxide, exit through the ______

Chemical makeup/lungs

In medications that exit through sweat glands, you provide ______ to reduce skin irritation

Hygiene

You must know if a drug is excreted through the ______, because the administration of laxatives or enemas increases ______, accelerates excretion, and thus lessens the time for drug effects

Intestines/peristalsis

When patients have reduced ______ function, they are at risk for medication toxicity

Renal

It is important to know the exact ______ ______ for which a medication is prescribed so you can properly ______ patients about a medication's intended effect and to accurately evaluate the medication's desired effect

Therapeutic effect/teach

Sometimes a single medication have many therapeutic effects.

For example, ______ relieves pain and reduces fever and tissue inflammation

Aspirin

_______ ______ are predictable and often unavoidable secondary effects produced at a usual therapeutic drug dose

Side effects

Some antihypertensive medications cause _______ in male patients

Impotence

If the side effects are serious enough to outweigh the ______ of a medication's therapeutic action, the prescriber will likely ______ the medication

Benefits/discontinue

Patients commonly ______ taking medications because of side effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea

Stop

______ drug effects are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable

Adverse

Unfortunately, although ADEs are sometimes immediately apparent, they often take _______ or ______ to develop

Weeks/months

______ recognition and reporting of ADEs will prevent serious injury to patients

Prompt

______ ______ develop after prolonged intake of a medication, when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion, or when too high a dose is given

Toxic effects

Toxic levels of morphine, an opioid, cause severe ______ ______ and death

Respiratory depression

Medications often cause unpredictable effects such as an ______ ______, in which a patient ______ or ______ to a medication or has a reaction different from normal

Idiosyncratic reaction/overreacts/underreacts

Predicting which patients will have an idiosyncratic response is ______

Impossible

Ativan, an antianxiety medication, which given to an older adult may cause ______ and ______

Agitation/delirium

______ ______ also are unpredictable responses to a medication

Allergic reactions

Exposure to an initial dose of a medication causes a patient to become sensitized ______

Immunologically

The medication acts as an ______, which causes ______ to be produced

Antigen/antibodies

With repeated ______, the patient develops an allergic response to the drug, its chemical preservatives, or a metabolite

Administration

Among the different classes of medications, ______ cause a high incidence of allergic reactions

Antibiotics

______ is fastest, directly into the blood stream

IV

______ is second fastest, injected into muscle then absorbed into the bloodstream

IM

______ is third fastest, injected into subcutaneous tissue, then absorbed slower than IM

SQ

______ is slowest, swallowed by the patient, then goes through the stomach, then the first pass effect, then absorbed by the digestive tract

PO

The highest serum concentration (______ concentration) of a medication usually occurs just before the body absorbs the ______ of the medication

Peak/last

With ______ infusions, the peak concentration occurs quickly, but the serum level also begins to fall ______

IV/immediately

The point at which the lowest amount of drug is in the serum is the _____ concentration

Trough

A patient's trough level is drawn as a blood sample ______ ______ before administering the drug, and the peak level is drawn whenever the drug is expected to reach its peak ______

30 minutes/concentration

What is the right medication, the right dose, the right patient, the right route, the right time, the right documentation?

The 6 rights of medication

______ procedures classified by purpose are:

1. diagnostic

2. exploratory

3. curative

4. palliative

5. cosmetic

Surgical

______ procedure involves the removal and study of tissue to make an accurate diagnosis

Diagnostic

______ procedure includes a more extensive procedure than a biopsy

Exploratory

______ procedure is made to remove diseased tissue or to correct defects

Curative

______ procedure relieves symptoms or improves function without correcting the basic problem

Palliative

______ procedure is performed to correct serious defects that affects appearance

Cosmetic

______ that affect surgical outcomes are age, nutritional status, fluid and electrolyte balance, medical diagnoses, drugs, and habits such as use of tobacco and alcohol

Variables

The ______ of the surgical experience are Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative

Phases

______ measures to reduce patient anxiety and increase knowledge about the surgical experience may actually decrease complications

Nursing

______ teaching should include surgical preparation; what to expect in the surgical suite and the PACU; what tubes, dressings, or equipment may be in place after surgery; and how patient participation can promote ______

Preoperative/surgery

Before ______, the patient or legal guardian must sign a legal ______ form.

Surgery/consent

Consent forms from the patient must be obtained ______ preoperative medications are given

Before

After preoperative medications are given the patient should ______ in bed

Remain

The ______ team consists of nurses who circulate, nurses who scrub, an RFNA, one or more surgeons, an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthesiologist, and other technical personnel

Surgical

______ is an ongoing development process that begins at conception and ends at death

Aging

______ is the study of aging

Gerontology

______ is the biomedical science of old age and the application of knowledge related to the biologic, biomedical, behavioral, and social aspects of aging to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of older people

Geriatrics

______ nursing aims to increase healthy behaviors in the aged, minimize and compensate for health-related losses and impairments of aging, and facilitate the diagnosis, care, and treatment of disease in the aged

Gerontological