Botany Unit 1 Lecture Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering plant evolution, flower and stem anatomy, cellular organelles, ecological relationships, water transport pathways, and mechanisms of genetic increase in plants.

Extinct

Describing a group or species that is completely gone.

Extant

Describing a group or species that is still living and present today.

Spore

A plant reproductive capsule containing an embryo in arrested development.

Cryptogams

A group of plants comprising mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that carries sugar water from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Fruit

A ripened ovary of a flowering plant.

Stamen

The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

Anther

The part of a stamen that contains pollen, which carries sperm cells.

Carpel

The female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Ovule

A structure located inside the flower ovary that contains eggs (ova).

Thylakoid Membrane

The internal membrane structure in chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Stroma

The fluid-filled space within a chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle takes place.

Leucoplasts

Unpigmented plastids in plant cells used specifically for fat synthesis.

Proplastid

An undifferentiated plastid that has not yet developed into a specific type of plastid.

Amyloplast

A specialized plastid responsible for storing starch in plant cells, such as in rice, gram, or corn kernels.

Phytoferrin

The form in which plant plastids store iron ($Fe$).

Chromoplast

A modified chloroplast containing pigments in plastoglobuli that provides color during processes like tomato skin ripening.

Endosymbionts

Organisms that live inside the cells of another organism, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria within plant cells.

Mutualism

An ecological interaction between two species where both benefit ($+ +$), such as bees and flowers.

Commensalism

An ecological interaction between two species where one benefits and the other is unaffected ($+ \text{ } 0$).

Amensalism

An ecological interaction where one species is harmed while the other is unaffected ($- \text{ } 0$), such as an elephant stepping on a flower.

Hemiparasite

A green parasitic plant, such as mistletoe, that extracts water and minerals from a host tree's xylem without tapping into its phloem.

Holoparasite

A non-green parasitic plant, such as the Corpseflower, that steals nutrients from both the xylem and phloem of a host plant.

Lignin

A complex organic polymer present in the secondary cell wall that gives wood its hardness and structural strength.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that synthesizes polypeptides.

Golgi

An organelle that processes polypeptides received from the rough ER into finished functional proteins.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum responsible for synthesizing lipids.

Glyoxysome

A specialized plant organelle that converts stored fats into sugars for cellular use.

Symplast

The pathway through which water flows from cell to cell strictly within the interior cytoplasm through plasmodesmata.

Apoplast

The pathway through which water flows around or between plant cells without entering their cytoplasm.

Middle Lamella

A pectin-rich layer deposited during cytokinesis that cements the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells together.

Polyploidy

A condition where a plant cell increases its genetic material by having extra sets of chromosomes within a single nucleus (e.g., $4n$ tetraploid).

Endoreduplication

A chromosomal replication process in plant cells that produces extra chromatids on each chromosome within a single nucleus.

Karyokinesis

The division of a cell nucleus, which in plants can increase genetic material by forming extra nuclei within a single cell.