Respiratory System

Type I Pneumocyte

A Squamous cell, allows enhanced diffusion

Type II Pneumocyte

A Cuboidal cell, it secretes pulmonary surfactant

Surfactant

Lowers cohesion, therefore lowering surface tension

Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

The cita beat to move mucous and help keep the airway clear (Toward the pharanix)

Pleura

Air tight membrane.

• Visceral: Outside of the lung

• Parietal: Lines cavity

Diaphragm

• Main muscle for breathing

• Skeletal muscle

• Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)

Larynx

Skeletal muscle and is controlled by CN X

Epiglottis Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage (all others are Hyland)

Thyroid Cartilage

The biggest

Cricoid Cartilage

The base of the Larynx

Arytenoid Cartilage

Moves and controls tension of vocal cords

Corniculate Cartilage

Tip of the Arytenoid

Cuneiform Cartilage

Bronchopulmonary Segment

There are 10 segments in both right and left lung. Each bronchoplumonary segment is an anatomical and functional subdivision of a lobe.

What happens to BR during vigorous exercise?

↑Exercise → ↑Metabolic Demand → ↑Kreb’s Cycle → ↑CO2 in blood → ↑Medullary Activity → ↑BR

How does BR change at 8,000 feet above sea level?

↓O2 in air → ↓Diffusion of O2 → ↓O2 in blood → ↑Medullary Activity → ↑ BR

La Place’s Law

↑Radius → ↓Pressure

↓Radius → ↑Pressure

↑Tension → ↑Pressure

↓Tension → ↓Pressure

Oxygen Cascade

The pressure of oxygen decreases as you breathe in because the air picks up water from the lining of the respiratory tract. The water “dilutes” the partial pressure of the oxygen.

Henry’s Law

Change the partial pressure of a gas (make it better) to improve diffusion.

Spirogram

FEV6 and FVC are the same thing.

Boyle’s Law

As volume increases, Pressure decreases

As volume decreases, Pressure increases

Medulla Activity

Hypercapnea (↑CO2) → ↑Medullary Activity → ↑BR

Academia (↓pH) → ↑Medullary Activity → ↑BR

Hypoxemia (↓O2) → ↑Medullary Activity → ↑BR

Where is Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium found?

Posterior Nasal Cavity, Nasopharynx, and Trachea. It move across its surface.

What cranial nerve controls the vocal cords?

CN X

What nerve controls the diaphragm?

Phrenic Nerve

Conducting Airway

Trachea, Bronchi, and Large/Small/Terminal Bronchioles

Respiratory Airway

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli

Hearing-Breuer Reflex

Stretch Receptors in the lungs and chest wall monitor the amount of stretch as you breathe in. As the lungs inflate they also stretch, the stretch receptors signal the respiratory centers of the Pons to trigger exhalation and inhibit inspiration.

Different kinds of respiration

External Respiration:

• Pulmonary Capillaries

• Blood - Air Gas (Exchange)

Internal Respiration:

• Systemic Capillaries

• Blood - Tissue Gas (Exchange)

Chemical Respiration