2 Social studies test- Empires in the New World

Leif Erikson

Norwegian explorer, son of Erik the Red; was the first European to explore the Americas.

Henry The Navigator

King of Portugal who established a school of navigation and financed trips of exploration.

Caravels

ships that used triangular sails to sail against the wind, and had rudders to improve steering

Astrolabe

a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars

Christopher Colombus

Italian explorer, he was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean convinced Spanish monarchs to fund his journey. Started the trend of exploration

Line of demarcation

boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas

a treaty between Spain and Portugal that moved the Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese captain of a Spanish fleet that sought a western route to Asia via the “Southern Ocean,” he found a passage through South America, now known as the Strait of Magellan. He died during the journey but his crew finished

Circumnavigate

to travel all the way around

Colombian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Conquistadors

a Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Hernán Cortes

Spanish conquistador, he conquered Mexico and brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Moctezuma II

Emperor of Mexico’s Aztec Empire, he welcomed explorer Cortés as a god but was taken prisoner by him. He was later killed, and the Aztec capital was destroyed during the following Aztec uprising.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who sailed with Balboa on the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, he later pursued rumors of golden cities in the Andes Mountains of South America and conquered the Inca Empire.

Encomienda System

a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity

Plantations

a large farm that usually specialized in growing one kind of crop for profit

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish missionary and historian, he became the first ordained Catholic priest in the New World and advocated for the welfare and protection of Native Americans as well as preached against the slavery system.

Vicerory

Royal Governers

Pueblos

Trading posts/centers of coverement

Missions

Churches

Presidios

Military Bases

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church

Protestants

reformers who protested certain practices of the Catholic Church

Spanish armada

a large Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588

Northwest Passage

a nonexistent path through North America that early explorers searched for that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

Jaques Cartier

French navigator who made three voyages to Canada for France. He explored the St. Lawrence River.

Charter

an official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony

1. How did Leif Eriksson and his crew reach North America?

1. They reached North America because while on their Journey the wind blew them off course and they ended up there

1. Why did the Vikings stay in North America for only a few years?

The Vikings stayed in North America for only a few years because attacks by the native Americans posed a constant threat and the area may have been too far from other Viking settlements to be supported.

1. What economic reasons made Europeans eager to explore the world?

1. Exploration was necessary for European trade because European Minds were running out of silver and gold Merchants needed more of the metals to conduct business since in addition forms of Productions at the spinning wheels and windmills made manufacturing more efficient as a result workers needed more raw materials and emergency new markets where they could sell the manufactured goods

1. What features made the caravel an excellent sailing ship?

1. The caravel was an excellent sailing ship because it used triangular l sales that, unlike traditional Square sales allowed Sims to sail Against the Wind and placing Runners at the back of the ship the Portuguese also improve the steering of the ships in addition they care about is able to sail across huge oceans and have small rivers. they featured important advances in sailing technology.

1. How might the establishment of new sea routes help European countries break the monopolies on Asian spices held by merchants?

During the 1400s, Europeans had several reasons to explore the world. First, they wanted Asian spices. They hoped to bypass the merchants who had a monopoly on, or economic control of, the Asian products that reached the Mediterranean. If a sea route to Asia could be found, countries could buy spices and other items directly

1. what was the outcome of Bartolomeu Dias’s expedition along the African coast?

The outcome was that Portugal had won the European race for a sea route to Asia.

1. Who is Christopher Columbus and why are his voyages of exploration significant?

When Columbus started on his voyage, he hoped to find lands containing resources and goods that would be valuable to Europeans. Little did he realize that by setting foot in the Bahamas, he would forever change the lives not only of Europeans, but of those people living in the Americas.

1. Christopher Colombus is a famous explorer who got Spanish monarchs to fund his journeys. his voyages of exploration are significant because he found

 

1. He found the Bahamas

1. What did Columbus hope to find in the new land? What did he take to Spain?

1. he hoped to find lands containing resources and goods that would be valuable to Europeans. He took yams, potatoes, pineapple, peppers, cocoa, vanilla, papaya, squash corn, tomatoes, peanuts, cotton, avocados, cotton and the turkey back to spain

1. Why was it so difficult for Columbus to convince King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage?  

1. He promised them great riches, new territory, and Catholic converts. It took Columbus several years to convince the king and queen, but they finally agreed to help finance the journey. Ferdinand and Isabella ordered Columbus to bring back any items of value and to claim for Spain any lands he explored.

1. Explain the Doctrine of Discovery.

1. the idea that a country that explored a newly found land was entitled to own and rule it. 

1. How did the Americas get their name?

1. America is named after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who set forth the then revolutionary concept that the lands that Christopher Columbus sailed to in 1492 were part of a separate continent.

How did Magellan’s fleet circumnavigate the world? How long did it take to complete the journey?

The vessel sailed across the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 6, 1522, and it took them 3 years

1. Which items traded in the Columbian Exchange do you think were the most valuable and why?
   

1. I think that the plants and animals that were traded in the colombian  exchange were the most valuable things traded because they brought new and important things to spain and the other countries.

1. Which Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire? Which Spanish conquistador conquered the Inca Empire?

1.   Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire and  Francisco Pizarro conquered the Ince empire

1. Why was it fairly easy for Cortés to conquer the Aztecs?

1. 1. It was fairly easy for Cortés to conquer the Aztecs because the conquistadors had better weapons and were able to catch the Aztec fighters off guard.

2. How did Spain rule its empire in the Americas?

2. Spanish ruled kits large American empire through a system of royal officials at the top was the Counsel of the Indies, formed in 1524 to govern the Americas from Spain the counsel appointed two viceroys the Viceroyalty of Peru governed most of South America the Viceroyalty of New Spain governed all Spanish territories in central America, and the southern part of what is now the united states.

2. In what ways did de León succeed and fail in the Americas?

1. León succeeded by finding gold but failed by not colonizing Florida

1. What hardships did de Vaca and his men encounter on their expedition?

1. Some hardships they faced were food shortages sicknesses and shipwrecks.

1. What was the relationship between Spanish settlers and Native Americans under the encomienda system?

1. The realashionship was employer - worker

1. How did the growth of the Spanish Empire affect Native Americans?

1.  The growth of the Spanish Empire affected the Native Americans because they tried to convert them to christianity and treated them horibly.

1. What invention helped spread the ideas of the Protestant Reformation?

    

1. The invention of the printing press helped spread the ideas of protestant reformation.

1. Why did King Philip II launch the Spanish Armada?

1. King Philip II launched the Spanish Armada after becoming angered by the English Piracy

Even though none of the explorers found a Northwest Passage, why were their voyages considered successful?

Their voyages were considered successful because the voyages They became the basis of England’s claim to land in North America.

1. Why was Sir Walter Raleigh given a charter to settle in the New World?

1. Sir Walter Raleigh was given a charter to settle in the new world because  In the late 1500s, England decided to set up a permanent settlement in North America. This colony was to establish an English presence in the New

1. Why did the French expand their claims beyond the St. Lawrence Rive

1. The french expanded their claims beyond the St. Lawrence River because once the trading post was established there they had many routes to be able to expand for the king and queen and wanted to do so.

1. Why were the French explorers in North America so successful?

The French explorers in North America were so successful because they founded a trading post in Quebeck which led them the paths to many other explorations.