C464 WGU

Linear Model

Basic components of a simple exchange between 2 people. Straight forward process

Phases of Linear model

Phase 1 Deciding on message

Phase 2 Encoding the message

Phase 3 Transmitting the message

Phase 4 Perceiving the message

Phase 5 Decoding and assigning the meaning to the message

Transactional Model

More realistic then the linear model.

Transactional Model is

Dependent on many factors such as context, relationship between communicators, socio-cultural situation

Stages of Perception

Selection

Organization

Interpretation

Selective exposure

attend info that reinforces existing belief and disregard info that is at odds with our current positon

Selective attention

once we are engaged in a particular interaction we focus on certain info and ignore other info

Selective recall

we remember things that we agree with rather then things that are contrary to our beliefs

Organization

Figure/ground

Closure-fill in missing info

Proximity/physical closeness

Similarity

Interpretation

We can assign meaning to stimuli

Identity

You express your cultural and group affiliation

Current internal state

How people perceive stimuli involves how they are feeling

Locus of causation

Refers to whether the communicators behavior was motivated by an internal state or an external state

Self-presentation

Strategic development and use of verbal and non verbal messages that result others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are

Impression management

Deliberate use of verbal/nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others

Plan for Effective Self-presentation

Set a goal

Create a strategy

Execute the strategy and evaluate the results

Modify negative perceptions

Co-Culture

Reflect the unique beliefs, ways of thinking, communication patterns and styles, and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture. Ex. Marines, college students, crossfit, pet owners

Individualism

Values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent and not reliant on others. Remain somewhat emotionally distant from others

Collectivism

Value their membership in their particular in-group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group

High context communication

Rely heavily on environmental cues

Low context communication

Require explicit or clean verbal messages. Spoon feed what is expected

Feminine

Nurturing, friendly, affectionate, compassionate, warm, supportive

Masculine

Assertive, ambitious, success-oriented, competitive, cold

Monochronic

Work on one thing at a time. They are very punctual and rarely cancel

Polychronic

Work on multiple things at one time. Very chaotic and unfocused

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one's own culture and lifestyle is superior to all others

High power distance

Unlikely to question the actions and statements of people with a lot of power or of a high rank in society at work or within a family. (Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Singapore, Brazil, Vietnam, China and France)

Low power distance

People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create (Israel, Denmark, Sweden, great Britain, Germany, Canada and US)

Culture

One's belief, values, lifestyle, rules, preferences and behaviors

Culture can be influenced by....

Geographic location

Synchronous communication

Instant replies

Asynchronous communication

Must wait for reply (Email)

Ethos

Characteristics of the speaker

Pathos

Ability to arouse emotion with in the audience

Logos

Refers to disclosure that is supported by logical reasoning

Hasty generalization

Comes to a general conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative examples

Straw person

Refuting a weaker form of an argument

Forced dichotomy

Speaker presents only 2 solutions to a problem, ignoring other solutions either purposefully or out of ignorance

Ad Hominem

About the person

Informative speech

1) Create

2) Further

3) Alter the audiences factual beliefs about a topic

Monroes Motivated Sequence

1. Capture the audiences attention

2. Identify problems or unfilled needs

3. Propose a solution that satisfies the problem

4. Help the audience visualize what satisfaction will mean for them

5. Give your audience an action plan

Recency effect

Leaves audience thinking about most recently discussed issue

Primary effect

Leading with your strongest argument

Dyadic relationships

involves 2 people

Interdependence

2 people being mutually dependent on one another

Inclusion needs

Our need to feel accepted by and involved with others

Direct strategies

Fairly straightforward and unmasked in their intent

Social Attraction

Kind that friends feel toward one another based on shared enjoyment of activities and interest

Dialectal tension

Tension that exists between 2 competing and contradictory but related forces

Flaming

Online verbal abuse on social media

Keylogging

Sending viruses

Message complexity

Message that is detailed or characterized by a number of arguments and related evidence might be difficult to follow and comprehend

Information Overload

State of being exposed to more message than we can cognitively process at any given time

Preoccupation or psychological noise

Phenomenon of multitasking, become focused on one task, thought or message we don't listen effectively

Passive listening/ pseudolistening

Receiving message mindlessly

Denotative meaning

universal/ dictionary definition

Euphemism

Polite/pleasant expression designed to substitute for a term that the sender believes lacks social acceptability

Kinesics

Study of body movements- Including posture, facial expression, gestures

Emblems

Nonverbal movements that substitutes for words and verbalization. Putting your hand up to stop some one or giving someone a thumbs up

Illustrators

Movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code. Put your finger to your lips and say shhhh. Saying no while shaking your head side to side

Affect Display

Nonverbal movements that reveal emotion. Checking your watch when you want the speaker to wrap it up, walking away slowly from someone who is talking because you want to leave.

Adaptors

Movements that communicators engage in to relieve stress wand anxiety. Ex. tapping fingers or clicking a pen

Proxemics

humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning

Intimate distance

Extends up to 18inches away from you

Personal Distance

begins 18 inches away and extends to 4 feet

Social Distance

4feet to 12 feet (Most workplace communication)

Public Distance

12 feet away (Public speaking)

Chromemics

Ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time

Haptics

Describes the use of touch in communcation

Artifacts

Oranments and adornments they display on or around their physical person

Synergy

Extra energy

Groupthink

Refers to a team's overwhelming motivation to agree and reach consensus and failure to critically evaluate the task or alternative plans or solutions

Social Loafing

Situations in which one or more members exert little or no effort to team's work

Bad Apple Effect

Poisonous impact of having just one ineffective team member

Developing a successful team

Stage 1- Forming

Stage 2- Storming

Stage 3- Norming

Stage 4- Performing

Forming

team explore and identifies its primary objectives. Communication is polite safe and not controversial

Storming

Less socially safe, openly disagree, not attached to one single idea yet.

Norming

Resolve conflicts

Performing

Do the work to accomplish the teams goal

Communication

The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others

Communication overload

Constant connection with others with phones, internet and social media

Culture

Set of learned or shared behaviors, values or practices associate with a community of people

Globalization

The process of our world becoming ever more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal terms as transportation and tele communication systems improve