Nutrition final exam

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Last updated 8:06 AM on 3/17/25
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45 Terms

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Catabolic reactions
Break down molecules into simpler ones.
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Anabolic reactions
Build more complex molecules.
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Primary anabolic hormone
Testosterone.
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Energy currency of the body
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
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Primary site of cellular energy production
Mitochondria.
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Coenzymes
Needed for enzyme activity.
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Cofactors
Not needed for enzyme activity.
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Glycolysis
Anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm, reversible.
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TCA Cycle
Aerobic, occurs in mitochondria, reversible.
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Electron transport chain
Aerobic, occurs in mitochondria, irreversible.
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Common intermediate for macronutrients
Acetyl CoA.
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Glucogenic amino acid
Can be converted to glucose.
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Ketogenic amino acid
Can be converted to ketones.
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Pyruvate when oxygen is plentiful
Produces Acetyl CoA.
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Pyruvate when oxygen is lacking
Produces Lactate.
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ATP in anaerobic catabolism of glucose
2 ATP.
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ATP in aerobic catabolism of glucose
30-32 ATP.
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Beta-oxidation
Process that metabolizes fatty acids to Acetyl CoA.
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Ketones
Byproducts of fat breakdown during prolonged fasting/low carb intake.
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Deamination
The process of removing an amino group from an amino acid.
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Relative capacities of energy storage
Triglycerides > Glycogen.
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Micronutrients
Do not provide energy but are critical for energy metabolism.
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Bioavailability
How well our bodies absorb and utilize a nutrient.
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Functions of fluid in the body
Transport, temperature regulation.
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Functions of electrolytes in the body
Fluid balance, nerve impulses.
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Hypertension
High blood pressure.
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Free radicals
Unstable molecules that can damage cells.
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Antioxidants
Substances that neutralize free radicals.
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Functions of beta-carotene
Antioxidant, precursor to vitamin A.
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Peak bone density age
30 years.
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Energy balance
Calories in equals calories out.
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The rate of energy expenditure at rest.
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BMI
Body mass index, calculated as weight/height^2.
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Metabolic syndrome factors
Waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL, blood glucose.
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Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by restriction and fear of weight gain.
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Binge eating disorder
Eating large quantities of food in a short period.
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Carbohydrate loading
Maximizing glycogen stores for endurance events.
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Nutrient needed to absorb calcium
Vitamin D.
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Main non-food source of vitamin D
Sunlight.
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Largest energy storage site
Adipose tissue (fat).
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Double burden of malnutrition
Under-nutrition and over-nutrition.
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COVID impact on food insecurity
Increased rates of food insecurity.
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Plant-based dietary changes
Beneficial for human and environmental health.
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US food waste percentage
Approximately 30-40% of produced food is thrown out annually.
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Ways to minimize environmental impact
Reduce meat consumption, minimize waste, eat locally.