Nutrition final exam

NUTR 240 Final Exam Review

This exam includes only modules 6-10. The exam will be mostly multiple choice and true/false and will also include matching, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer questions. Review the powerpoint lectures, past quizzes, and assignments to help prepare. 

Complete this study guide for extra credit points. Each section is worth 3 points so complete them all for 15 points!

Metabolism: Chapter 7 

1. What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions? What are some examples of each related to macronutrients? Catabolic reactions break down molecules into simpler ones while anabolic reactions build more complex ones

2. What is the primary anabolic hormone and primary catabolic hormone? Testosterone 

3. What is the energy currency of our body? ATP 

4. Name the primary site of cellular energy production. Mitochondria

5. What are coenzymes and cofactors? Coenzymes are needed for enzyme activity while cofactors are not

6. For the three main metabolic pathways involved in cellular energy metabolism – glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain: Which are aerobic/anaerobic? Where in the cell do they occur? Which pathways are reversible? No need to know each intermediate or enzymes involved. Glycolysis: Anaerobic, cytoplasm, reversible. TCA Cycle: Aerobic, mitochondria, reversible. Electron transport chain: Aerobic, mitochondria, irreversible. 

7. Understand there are two critical but different processes: production of energy and production of glucose. Why are both needed? Energy for cell function, glucose for brain

8. For all the macronutrients (carbs, fat, protein, and alcohol), what is the one intermediate that all are converted to? What happens to that intermediate when our cells need ATP for energy?  What happens to that intermediate when we have sufficient ATP? Common intermediate: Acetyl CoA, ATP Needed: Enters TCA cycle/ETC, ATP Sufficient: Usef for fatty acid synthesis

9. Define glucogenic amino acid. Define ketogenic amino acid. Which can and cannot be converted to glucose? Glycogenic: Can be converted to glucose. Ketogenic: Can be converted to ketones

10. What is produced from pyruvate when oxygen is plentiful in the cell?  What is produced from pyruvate when oxygen is lacking in the cell? What happens when oxygen levels are restored? Oxygen Plentiful: Acetyl CoA. Oxygen Lacking: Lactate. Oxygen resorted: Lactate is converted back to pyruvate.

11. How many ATP are made in the anaerobic catabolism of glucose?  How many ATP are made in the aerobic catabolism of glucose? Anaerobic: 2 ATP. Aerobic: 30-32 ATP

12. What is the name of the process that metabolizes fatty acids to acetyl CoA? Understand that this process works by cleaving two carbons at a time, so longer fatty acids can produce more energy. Understand why fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose. Beta-oxidation. Fatty acids cannot make glucose because the breakdown of fatty acids produce Acetyl CoA, and the reaction of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is not reversible.

13. What are ketones? Under what conditions are ketones produced? Why are they produced? Byproducts of fat breakdown, produced during prolonged fasting/low carb intake, provide energy 

14. Define deamination. Understand the fate of the nitrogen from amino acids during catabolism of amino acids to make ATP.

15. What are the relative capacities of energy storage (glycogen, triglycerides), i.e., which is bigger? Why do we consider that there is no storage of protein? Triglycerides > Glycogen; protein is functional, not stored.

16. Which substrates can be used to make glucose when glucose levels are low? Amino acids, glycerol 

17. True/false? All macronutrients can be converted to triglycerides for storage. True  

18. True/false? Micronutrients do not provide energy but are critical for energy metabolism. True

19. What are the metabolic responses to feeding? Short-term fasting? Long term-fasting?  Feeding: Insulin release, energy storage. Short-term Fasting: Glycogen breakdown. Long-term Fasting: Ketone production, protein breakdown

Micronutrients: Chapters 7.5 - 12

1. What are the fat- and water-soluble vitamins? What is the difference? Which macronutrient is needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?  Fat: ADEK -  fat absorption. Water: BC. 

2. Is any category of minerals (major, trace, ultra-trace) more important than others? no

3. Explain why the amount of a micronutrient we consume may differ from the amount absorbed and used in the body. What is the word that refers to how well our bodies absorb and utilize a nutrient? bioavailability 

4. Fill out the 2 tables below

5. What is the common role of all the B-vitamins in the body? Coenzymes in energy metabolism 

6. What micronutrient plays a role in preventing the development of neural tube defects? Folate 

7. Which vitamin relies on intrinsic factor for absorption? Individuals in which life stage tend to have low intrinsic factor? B12, elderly 

8. Vegans who don’t consume any animal products are at risk of a deficiency in which B-vitamin? B12

9. What are the functions of fluid in the body? Transport, temperature regulation 

10. What are the main functions of electrolytes in the body? fluid balance, nerves impulses 

11. What is hypertension? and what lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of hypertension? Excessive consumption of which mineral can cause hypertension? Adequate intake of which mineral can decrease the risk of hypertension? high blood pressure, excessive sodium causes it and potassium reduces it 

12. What are free radicals? What are antioxidants? unstable molecules. antioxidants neutralize free radicals

13. Which micronutrients can function as antioxidants? Vitamin C, E

14. Which vitamin is needed for the production of collagen [the main protein in our bodies that holds things together (cells that line our blood vascular system, skin cells, tendons (joints), hair, nails, bone, teeth, etc.)]?  Vitamin C

15. Which nutrient enhances the absorption of iron?  What non-nutrient food component enhances the absorption of iron?  What nutrient or food component inhibits the absorption of iron? Vitamin C

16. Beta-carotene is not a vitamin, but a phytochemical. What are the functions of beta-carotene and what are common food sources? Antioxidant, vitamin A, carrots

17. High levels of vitamin A can cause fetal malformations and miscarriages. How can this be avoided? Avoid high dose supplements 

18. When is peak bone density reached and when does it start to decline? 30 years 

19. What is the role of bone remodeling? Is this a normal process?

20. What are modifiable versus non-modifiable risk factors that influence risk of osteoporosis?

21. Which nutrient is needed to absorb calcium from food?  What is the main non-food source of that nutrient? Vitamin D, the sun

22. Which mineral is needed for muscle contraction? Calcium 

23. Which bone-related vitamin is produced by bacteria in our intestines?  Vitamin K

24. Can different types of cookware contribute to the amount of iron we consume? Yes

25. What government agency is responsible for making sure what manufacturers claim is in their supplements is actually in those supplements?  Are the US supplement regulations strong enough to protect the average consumer with limited nutrition knowledge?  

Energy Balance: Chapters 13, 14.5

1. Define energy balance. Calories in equals calories out 

2. What are the three components of energy expenditure?  Which accounts for the majority of our total energy expenditure? BMR, physical activity’s thermic effect of food 

3. What is the primary determinant of BMR (basal metabolic rate), and does this factor increase or decrease BMR? What is the healthiest way to increase BMR? Lean body mass, increase with muscle gain

4. What is BMI? How is it measured? What are the benefits/drawbacks of this measurement method? If you knew nothing about an individual other than their BMI, could that be used to assess risk of developing a chronic disease like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, etc.? What is a better indicator than BMI of someone’s risk of developing a chronic disease? BMI = weight/height ^2, easy but does not account for muscle, waist circumference is better 

5. What are the 5 factors to measure when assessing someone for metabolic syndrome? Waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL, blood glucose 

6. If someone is obese, can we say for certain that they will develop a chronic disease?  If an obese person has a chronic disease, for example, type 2 diabetes, can we say for certain that the obesity caused the diabetes? Disordered is less severe 

7. Differentiate between disordered eating and eating disorders. Disordered are less severe 

8. Describe anorexia nervosa and some health effects of this diagnosis. Restriction, fear of weight gain, organ failure 

9. Describe bulimia nervosa and some health effects of this diagnosis. Binge/purge, electrolyte imbalance, dental erosion 

10. What is binge eating disorder?

11. What is orthorexia nervosa? Obsession with healthy eating 

12. Describe the female athlete triad.

13. What causes RED-S and what are some of the consequences to the body? Relative energy deficiency in sports, impaired physiological function 

Nutrition for Physical Activity & Supplements

1. What are the physical activity recommendations for adults in the US? 150 min moderate/ 75 min vigorous per week

2. What are the sources of fuel for muscles in the first few seconds of physical activity, and what are the fuel sources after those fuels have been exhausted?  ATP-CP then glycogen/fat

3. What is the main fuel source for mild-to-moderate physical activity?  What is the fuel source for more intense physical activity?  Mild-moderate: Fat, Intense: Carbohydrate 

4. How does the recommended intake of carbs among athletes compare to sedentary individuals?  Higher than sedentary 

5. Define carbohydrate loading and describe when it may be appropriate. Maximize glycogen stores, endurance events 

6. How does the RDA for protein intake among athletes compare to sedentary individuals?  Why is it different (what is the extra proteins used for)?  Are protein supplements needed to provide sufficient protein? Higher, repair/build muscles, muscle supplements not needed

7. How does training effect fat metabolism, and why is that important for prolonged activity? 

8. What is the largest energy storage site in our bodies? Adipose tissue (fat)

9. When are sports drinks recommended?  What do they replenish? Prolonged Activity, replenish electrolytes/carbs  

10. What micronutrients are suggested for athletes?  Why? Iron, calcium because they support activity demands 

11. Who is responsible for making sure supplements contain what they claim on the packaging?  Manufacturers 

12. Who could benefit from supplements? Nutrient deficiencies, specific medical conditions 

13. What supplements have been shown to be safe and effective in increasing physical performance? creatine, caffeine 

14. Is cannabis safe to use during pregnancy? No not safe

Global Nutrition

1. What is the single largest killer of children globally?  What percentage of all child deaths does the largest killer of children cause? Malnutrition 

2. What is the double burden of malnutrition? Under/overnutrition 

3. What happens to the birth rate when infant mortality decreases? Decreases 

4. What happened to the rate of food insecurity during COVID? 

5. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee and EAT-Lancet Commission, what type of dietary changes would be beneficial to human health and environmental health? Plant based, less processed 

6. According to the USDA, what percentage of produced food in the US is thrown out every year?  

7. What are some things you can do nutritionally to minimize your environmental impact? reduce meat, waste, eat local