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These flashcards cover vocabulary and key concepts related to Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, focusing on definitions, mechanisms, treatment options, and management strategies.

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases that result in high blood sugar (too much glucose) due to insulin production problems.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune condition that results in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition in which the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.

Gestational Diabetes

A form of glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy.

Prediabetes

A condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.

Hemoglobin A1c (A1c)

A blood test that shows the average level of blood sugar over the previous 3 months.

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

A serious condition that can occur in diabetes characterized by extreme hyperglycemia without significant ketosis.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess ketones, resulting in acidosis.

Fasting Glucose

Measurement of blood sugar after abstaining from food for at least 8 hours.

Random Glucose

Blood glucose measurement taken at any time, regardless of last meal.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)

A condition characterized by higher than normal blood sugar levels after eating.

Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)

A condition where fasting blood glucose levels are elevated but not yet high enough for diagnosis of diabetes.

Sulfonylureas

A class of medications that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, commonly used for type 2 diabetes.

Metformin

A first-line medication for type 2 diabetes that decreases glucose production in the liver.

Meglitinides

A class of medications that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, taken before meals.

Biguanides

A class of medications, including Metformin, that primarily reduce glucose production in the liver.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Medications that slow carbohydrate absorption in the intestine.

Thiazolidinediones

A class of diabetes medications that increase insulin sensitivity in tissues.

SGLT2 Inhibitors

A class of medications that promote urinary glucose excretion.

DPP-4 Inhibitors

Medications that increase incretin levels to promote insulin release and decrease blood sugar.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

Medications that stimulate insulin secretion, suppress appetite, and reduce glucagon.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels.

Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative Colitis

A form of IBD that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine.

Crohn's Disease

A form of IBD that can cause inflammation anywhere in the digestive tract.

SADMANS Drug

A mnemonic for medications to hold when a patient is sick (e.g. SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors).

REHAD

A mnemonic used for managing refeeding syndrome: Monitoring for hypophosphatemia, electrolytes, and gradual introduction of feeds.

Refeeding Syndrome

A potentially fatal condition that can occur in malnourished patients when refeeding begins.

Complications associated with diabetes

Includes nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and delayed wound healing.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) that provide energy.

Micronutrients

Nutrients required in smaller amounts (vitamins and minerals) that are essential for health.

Enteral Nutrition

Nutrition provided through the gastrointestinal tract when a patient cannot eat normally.

Parenteral Nutrition

Nutrition provided intravenously, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition)

Nutrition provided entirely through the bloodstream.

Phosphate Levels

Electrolytes that are essential for energy production; monitored during feeding regimens.

GI Tract

Gastrointestinal tract; the pathway through which food passes, including the stomach and intestines.

Lantus

A long-acting insulin used for blood sugar control.

8 Hour Fasting Glucose

A diagnostic test for diabetes measuring blood sugar after 8 hours without food.

Charcot Foot

A serious complication of diabetic neuropathy that leads to foot deformities.

Acanthosis Nigricans

Dark, velvety patches often found in skin folds, associated with insulin resistance.

Self-Monitoring

The recommended practice for people with diabetes to check their blood glucose regularly.

Sick Day Management

Steps diabetics should follow when ill to manage their blood glucose levels effectively.

Lifestyle Changes

Recommended interventions for managing type 2 diabetes, including diet and exercise.

Nutrient Absorption

The process by which nutrients from food are taken up into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract.

Blood Tests

Laboratory tests used to diagnose and manage diabetes and IBD.

Corticosteroids

Medications used for reducing inflammation in conditions like IBD.

Anemia

A condition where there are not enough red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen, commonly seen in IBD.

Autoimmune Diseases

Conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, like in type 1 diabetes.

Adverse Drug Reactions

Harmful effects experienced after taking a medication.

Patient Education

The process of informing patients about their health condition and treatment options.

Chronic Conditions

Long-term health conditions such as diabetes and IBD that require ongoing management.

Diagnostic Criteria

Guidelines used to determine the presence of a disease or condition.

Fasting Blood Test

Test measuring blood glucose after not eating for 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes.