rural and urban places

what are different scales of settltements?

remote settlement, regional centres, village, suburb, city, megacity, urban megaregion

what are the 6 factors affecting size, pattern, and spatial distribution of settlements

PLENTC: population, location, economica activity, natural resources, topography, climate

how has location influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements

historically in places good for agriculture, hilltop for defense, then port cities grew more important for trade due to transport and food

what percentage of worlds population lives 100km from coastline?

40%

how has climate influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements with one example

majority are found in temperate mid-latitude of north hemisphere, with technological advancements allowing life in harsher places eg. Dubai, where dry climate means 99% of water comes from desalination plants

how has topography influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements

typically built in flat or gently sloping land in valleys and mountains form barriers to expansion

how has natural resoruces influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements

built in places with lots of natural resources to support a increasingly sophisticated way of life, includes sea products such as fish which provides 17% of protein worldwide, up to 50% for developing countries

how has population influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements

shows the spatial distribution of settlements and is result of all the other factors

how has economic development influenced size, patten, and spatial distribution of settlements

pre-industrial meant rural settlements dominated, then sources of energy were more important and grew around industrial cities, and is less important now due to electricity transmission grids

urbanisation vs urban growth

urbanisation is the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas while urban growth is the rate at which an urban population increases in a given period

push factors for urbanisation

lack of educational opportunity, rural poverty, desertification

pull factors for urbanisation

job and education opportunities, higher standard of living, entertainment, medical facilities

stats for spatial patterns of urbanisation

57% of world's population lived in urban places in 2023, Africa and Asia only have 44% and 52%, projected to become 56% and 68% by 2050

what are the 5 types of settlement patterns

isolated/remote, dispersed, nucleated, linear, integrated nucleated and linear

characteristics of isolated/remote settlements

small clusters of houses, some commercial activity common in indigenous settlements or mining communities

characteristics of dispersed settlement with example

scattered houses, no central feature, common in cropping and grazing areas eg. Sempach, Switzerland

characteristics of nucleated settlement with example

clustered buildings around a central area, linked by roads eg. Sydney CBD

characteristics of linear settlements with example

buildings aligned along a road, river, or ridge, is common in rural settlements or outskirts of larger rural settlements eg. Saint Louis, France

characteristics of integrated nucleated and linear settlements with example

common in large cities eg. Sun City, Arizona

what are urban agglomerations with example

area including the major city but also surrounding suburbs and satellite cities, eg. greater sydney

what is a metropolitan area?

the city and its commuting zone, consisting of areas that is economically and socially linked to city

how can urban places be ranked?

by population, sphere of economic influence, function

challenges for rural places

lack of medical services, declining population, lack of infrastructure, agricultural challenges, poverty

challenges due lack of medical services for rural places with stat about doctors

only provide basic medical care, delayed emergency care, only 200 rural NSW doctors in 2022, projected to be less than 100 by 2030

life expectancy of Sydney vs rural NSW

85 vs 80

challenges of declining population on rural places

lack of human services program to support elderly, young people moving due to lack of educational and job opportunities

challenges towards agriculture in rural places

more impacted by natural disasters, making them more vulnerable to changes in climate and government policies

impact of poverty in rural areas

young people migrating out, lack of access to services, overcrowding and inadequate housing

challenges of urban heat islands and poor air quality in urban places

on average heat islands are 1-3 above rural areas, Sydney has recorded up to 6, poor air quality kills an estimated 6.67 million people a year

challenges of urban poverty in urban places. provide examples of urban poverty

inadequate incomes, low quality and overcrowded housing, insufficient infrastructure and basic services

impact of overcrowding in urban places

puts pressure on existing urban infrastructure

describe overcrowding and urban poverty in Munbai, india

double the population in 25 years leading to informal housing, with half of city population live in these slums which only covers 8% of the city's geographic area

challenges of housing affordability in urban places

lack of housing near employment leading to longer commutes, can lead to creation of informal housing in developing countries

causes of lack of housing affordability in urban places

growing population, increasing rent, insufficent investment in affordable housing

what is community housing

long-term rental, owned and managed by community housing organisations

what is public housing

long-term rental, owned and managed by government

what is affordable housing

quality, purpose housing affordably priced relative to income of occupants

strategies to increase housing affordability?

voluntary agreements to include affordable housing, neighbourhood targets

impacts of traffic congestion on urban places and the solution?

vehicles use twice as much fuel, lots of emissions, improving public transport

examples and solutions to challenges associated with water security in urban places

Dubai gets 99% of drinking from desalination plants, and Australia also invest in them to supplement existing supplies

examples and solutions to challenges associated with sanitation in urban places

slum dwellers in Indonesia dump 12.5 tons of raw sewage into rivers that flow into Jakarta Bay, solution is to use pour-flush toilets and hand pumps

examples and solutions to challenges associated with waste disposal in urban places

inadequate in developing countries, Jakarta recycles 25% of solid waste, Beijing has 100,000 rural migrants search for recyclables and earn up to $50 USD a month

environmental interdependence of rural and urban functions

urban or agricultural run-off can pollute waterways

economic interdependence of rural and urban functions

trade between places, tourism as rural communities promote themselves as tourist destinations and country people visit cities

institutional interdependence of rural and urban functions

government policies such as aviation, managing the funds for rural and urban transport or roads

identity based relationships of rural and urban functions

Australian identity is strongly associated with the outback, exclusion of indigenous peoples on native lands

what is smart growth in terms of cities

suite of policies and tools designed to encourage environmentally sustainable urban development

examples of smart growth policies?

land zoning, investing in public transport, fuel taxes

how is Oslo applying smart growth strategies?

90% of new vehicles are electric, use incentives such as free parking, toll exemptions, free charging, increasing bike and pedestrian zones

benefits of urban tree cover?

natural climate control and urban biodiversity

settlement practises that contribute to small ecological footprint and high wellbeing in Svanholm, Danmark

Svanholm Danmark where 80% of food in communal kitchen is produced by community, decisions are made via negotiation, carbon emissions in 2000 were 1.84 ton/capita

settlement practises that contribute to small ecological footprint and high wellbeing in Serenbe, USA

Serenbe USA uses on-site waste treatment, 70% of land is in conservation, community groups, cultural events, extreme walkability via footpaths or nature trails

strategies for the sustainable management of Freiburg, Germany

using public transport and bikes, more green spaces, and democracy in social planning

effectiveness of having democracy in social planning in Freiburg, Germany

direct citizen participation after opposition to nuclear power plant in 1970s, employs over 1000 residents in green jobs, reducing waste from 140,000 to 50,000 tons in 12 years

what is the effectiveness of having more green spaces in Freiburg Germany

32% of land for urban development, 42% forests, 26% agriculture, 3800 small gardens to grow own food, contains over 600ha of parks

what is the effectiveness of using public transport and bikes in Freiburg Germany

400km of cycle routes and 9000 parking spaces, 70% of population live within 500m of tram stop