Ch 20 Learning Objectives

Cardiovascular System: Vessels & Circulation

20.1.1 Describe the three tunics common to most vessels.

20.1.2 Explain the distinguishing features of the tunics found in arteries, capillaries, and veins.

20.1.3 Compare and contrast the composition of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.

20.1.4 Describe the general anatomic structure and function of capillaries.

20.1.5 Compare the anatomic structure, function, and location of continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and sinusoids.

20.1.6 Trace the movement of blood through a capillary bed.

20.1.7 Describe the structure and general function of veins.

20.1.8 Explain how veins serve as a blood reservoir for the cardiovascular system.

20.1.9 Compare and contrast the simple and alternative pathways of blood vessels.

20.2.10 Describe the relationship of the total cross-sectional area and velocity of blood flow.

20.2.11 Predict the significance of slow blood flow in the capillaries.

20.3.12 Explain the processes of diffusion and vesicular transport between capillaries and tissues.

20.3.13 Explain the processes of bulk flow, filtration, and reabsorption.

20.3.14 Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in the capillaries.

20.3.15 Define net filtration pressure (NFP).

20.3.16 Calculate net filtration pressure for both the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary.

20.3.17 Explain the lymphatic system’s role at the capillary bed.

20.4.18 Describe what is meant by degree of vascularization.

20.4.19 Explain the process of angiogenesis and how it aids perfusion.

20.4.20 Describe the myogenic response that maintains normal blood flow through a tissue.

20.4.21 Compare and contrast a vasodilator and a vasoconstrictor.

20.4.22 Explain how a tissue autoregulates local blood flow based on metabolic needs.

20.4.23 Describe how local blood flow is altered by tissue damage and as part of the body’s defense.

20.4.24 Explain the general relationship of total blood flow to local blood flow.

20.5.25 Define blood pressure and blood pressure gradient.

20.5.26 Compare and contrast blood pressure and blood pressure gradients in the arteries, capillaries, and veins.

20.5.27 Calculate pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the arteries.

20.5.28 Explain the mechanisms that help overcome the small pressure gradient in veins to return blood to the heart.

20.5.29 Define resistance, and explain how resistance is influenced by blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius.

20.5.30 Describe the relationship of both the blood pressure gradient and resistance to total blood flow.

20.5.31 Explain why blood pressure increases with increased resistance in the systemic circulation.

20.6.32 Describe the anatomic components associated with regulating blood pressure through short-term mechanisms.

20.6.33 Explain the autonomic reflexes that alter blood pressure.

20.6.34 Describe the hormones that regulate blood pressure.

20.6.35 Explain the renin-angiotensin system and its influence on blood pressure.

20.6.36 Contrast the effects of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone on blood pressure with those of atrial natriuretic peptide.

20.7.37 Compare total blood flow and distribution at rest and during exercise.

20.8.38 Trace the pathway of vessels from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

20.8.39 Describe features of the pulmonary circulation that distinguish it from systemic circulation.

20.9.40 Identify and describe the arteries that transport blood away from the left ventricle of the heart to the major areas of the body.

20.9.41 Identify and describe the veins that return blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart.

20.10.42 Identify and describe the arteries and veins associated with the head and neck structures.

20.10.43 Diagram and explain the cerebral arterial circle and its function.

20.10.44 Describe the general structure and function of dural venous sinuses.

20.10.45 Identify and describe the arteries that supply the thoracic and abdominal walls.

20.10.46 Identify and describe the veins that drain the thoracic and abdominal walls and delineate their pathways.

20.10.47 Identify and describe the vessels that supply the lungs, esophagus, diaphragm, and spinal cord.

20.10.48 Identify and describe the three major arteries that branch from the descending aorta to supply the gastrointestinal tract, and list their major branches

20.10.49 Describe the composition and function of the hepatic portal system.

20.10.50 Trace the route of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the inferior vena cava.

20.10.51 Identify and describe the vessels that supply the posterior abdominal organs, the pelvis, and the perineum.

20.11.52 Trace the arteries of the upper limb from the subclavian artery to the fingers.

20.11.53 Compare and contrast the superficial venous drainage and the deep venous drainage of the upper limb.

20.11.54 Trace the arteries of the lower limb from the external iliac artery to the toes.

20.11.55 Compare and contrast the superficial venous drainage and the deep venous drainage of the lower limb.

20.12.56 Trace the pathway of blood circulation in the fetus.

20.12.57 Describe the vascular changes that occur after the baby is born and must utilize the pulmonary circulation.