AP Euro AMSCO 4.4-4.5

What was the economy of preindustrial Europe based on?

Cottage industry, merchant guilds. and subsistence agriculture produced on small landholdings and dependent on peasant labor

Where did most people live in prior to the Industrial Rev in Europe?

Villages not cities

What led to deadly famines?

Low productivity agricultural practices and poor or nonexistent transportation caused periodic disruptions in the food supply

Why did the population of Europe began to increase by the 18th century?

Significant changes in agriculture and the economic change toward industrialization

Why was there a vast increase in the numbers of the poor?

Displaced agricultural workers migrated to cities for work, cutting them off from traditional extended-family networks

What was one revolution in the 18th & 19th centuries?

The shift in demographic patterns, the trends in birth and death rates and population size

Dramatic increase in size of population

By 1900, what was the estimated population of Europe?

423 million

Went from 110 million to 423 million

In 1700, how did birth rates compare to death rates? What about 1820?

1700 - birth rates were slightly higher than death rates

1820 - birth rates were largely greater than death rates - population explosion

What did Malthus publish?

An Essay on the Principle of Population

What did Thomas Malthus believe?

As the populations grew geometrically (by a constant multiple), the food supply could only increase arithmetically (by a constant amount)

We would run out of food

Did Thomas Malthus' predictions come true? Why?

No because there was a revolution in how food was farmed, improvements in health, changes in marriage patterns and migration to cities

For centuries, what did Europeans experience?

Chronic undernourishment

What happened during the late 17th and 18th centuries?

The Agricultural Revolution, a series of breakthroughs that increased agricultural population

What was land reclamation?

The process of changing lands to make them suitable for other uses - often farming

What was reclamation like in England and the Netherlands?

Building dikes or walls to prevent flooding from the sea

Who was Cornelius Vermuyden?

Dutch Engineer who was hired by England to drain the marshy fens of East Anglia

What did the Dutch lead way to?

Crop rotation, the practice of growing different crops in a specific area so that the land could remain in continuous use without depleting the soil

What did farmers in Flanders (Belgium) discover?

A four year crop rotation of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover would result in dramatically higher crop yields

What did Charles Townsend do?

British aristocrat who observed crop rotation in Netherlands and brought it back to Britain

What did improve farming technology allow?

More food to be produced by fewer workers

Who was Robert Bakewell?

British engineer

Invented selective breeding techniques

What did selective breeding improve?

Size and health of livestock

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and Europe

Heavily impacted Europe

What was the enclosure movemenet?

New method of organizing and using land

What did the enclosure movement end?

The open field system

What did the Enclosure Acts in Britain allow?

Wealthy landowners to purchase the common areas, consolidate them into single farms, and enclose those farms with fences

Much of agriculture occurred here

How did the enclosures effect small-scale farmers and peasants?

Brought ruin to them because they needed produce to survive

Forced them to move to cities to search for jobs

What were Britain and other Western Countries of Europe improving for their increasing food supply?

Internal transportation systems

Built new roads and widened existing ones, creating turnpike networks suitable for wheeled transportation

Railroad networks

What did Britain and other Western Countries of Europe lift?

Road tolls - a remnant of feudal times

Who was Nicolas Appert?

French chef who created the sterile canning process for food transportation for Napoleon Bonaparte who needed food for his troops

Why did Europe's growing population become better-nourished and healthier?

Advancements in medical science

Developments in engineering - safer water, better sewage disposal, etc

What were diseases spread across Europe?

Tuberculosis, malaria, typhus, and typhoid fever

What were epidemics?

Widespread diseases

What did typhus and typhoid fever come from?

Unsanitary conditions and mainly affected the poor

What was the bubonic plague or the black death?

Epidemic that wiped out third of Europe's population in the 14th century and reappeared in 20 yr intervals

What was small pox?

Disease that affected all levels of society and killed off members of the royal family

Those who survived were disfigured or blind

What did many scientists discover after using new techniques to treat diseases?

Unsanitary conditions, in crowded urban areas, were connected to epidemics

What was used to combat small pox?

Variolation - an inoculation procedure of infecting someone with live smallpox virus taken from a blister

Who brought variolation to Britain?

Lady Mary Worley Montagu - inspired by her time in Turkey

What did Edward Jenner discover?

Created first vaccine to smallpox through cowpox

Known as the "father of immunology"

What were some practices against disease?

Quarantining and improved personal hygiene

What did increased urbanization facilitate?

Spread of disease and new public health and sanitation concerns

What did the European marriage pattern tend to limit?

Population growth - mainly for non nobility

What were the main features of the European marriage pattern?

Small age difference, late marriage age, establishment of nuclear household that is separated by parents

People waited to gather enough resources before marrying

What did urbanization release peasants from?

Social constraints imposed by family and village traditions

What did the growing middle class become less troubled by?

Financial consideration making it possible for men and women to marry for status, companionship, or even love

What were illegitimate births?

Popular during second half of 18th century

Babies that were born of parents not married

What did unwed mothers face with their children?

Brutal social stigma and were forced into prostitution and the abandonment of their children

Killing their children was a capital crime = death

What did the Catholic Church and Church of England oppose?

Birth control - some couples continued to use

What was the foundling hospital?

Institution that cared for unwanted children

Conditions were harsh - only about a 1/4 of children surviving to adulthood

What did home child births lead to?

High maternal and fetal mortality rates

In France and Scandinavia what did women choose?

Not to breast feed - thought it was bad for health

What were wet nurses?

Women hired to breastfeed children

What did Jean Jacques Rousseau urge in Emile?

Mothers to breastfeed their own children to later on, nurture and educate them

Also said that children were born innocent and should be taken care of well - not exposed to hardship

What were children regarded as before the 18th century?

Small adults who were expected to act the same as adults

What did the Enlightenment elevate?

Childhood and coincided with the rise of middle class possessing more resources to devote to children

What did John Locke discuss in his concept of tabula rasa?

Blank slate which included the belief that children's behavior and personality were learned

What painters painted the Enlightenment attitude of children as innocent and sweet?

Sir Joshua Reynolds

Thomas Gainsborough

What dd John Amos Comenius develop? What was it like before?

The first system of universal education and his ideas were extremely influential to Enlightenment thinkers

Before, university education focused on medicine or law

What was France's education system like?

Dated to the Roman Empire - convent schools were operated by nuns such as the Ursulines educated girls from lower class and aristocracy

What was the first country to implement compulsory universal education?

Prussia - free education for boys and girls ages 6-13

Who was Marquis de Condorcet?

Enlightenment intellectual and politician developed a plan for universal state education system in France

What did Napoleon lay the foundation for?

Modern school system in France - secular and nonsecular

What did Maria Theresa mandate?

Children 6 to 12 must attend school

Only upper class boys could continue after 12

What major cities began to expand between 1650 and 1750?

Paris, Naples, Amsterdam, and London

What were the negative features of city life?

Overcrowded, dirty, noisy, crime, increase in prostitution and begging, and drinking problems

What was one of the wealthiest cities in the 1700s?

Lisbon, Portugal which had a great location on the Atlantic Ocean

What did Vienna, Austria become?

A cultural center with composers like Mozart and Beethoven who searched for patrons

What did shops and vendors bring from the flourishing economy?

New fashions, foods, and consumer goods

What did many urban areas expereince?

Riots in response to misery of the poor

What did philanthropic groups do?

Philanthropic groups like Society for Public Welfare promoted education

What do economic historians and social historians debate about?

Urbanization

Economic - steady overall rise in living standards and greater life expectancy

Social - destruction of village traditions and poverty

Both agreed that mass migration -> Industrial Rev

By the end of the 18th century, what did a high proportion of Western Europeans experience? What was it like before?

Unprecedented levels of relative material prosperity

Unmatched levels of material comfort and wealth

Before Europeans had been dominated by scarcity

What was a Consumer Revolution?

Revolution propelled by the disposable income of the growing middle class brining a powerful desire for consumer goods and an unfamiliar ability to afford at least some of them - mainly city dwellers

Everyone in all classes

What were merchants, financiers, and wage earners no longer dependent on?

Embraced consumption to staisfy desire rather than necessity

What did the wealthy see luxury items as?

A way to display their economic status

What did consumerism bring?

Jobs and stimulated commerce, creating even more wealth

What did the consumer economy become a permanent feature of?

Capitalist economies worldwide

What did increased trade within Europe and with Asia and Americas result in?

Increased supply and variety of customer goods

What did the lower class make to imitate upper classes?

Market for domestic (not foreign) imitation items

What sparked a domestic ceramic industry?

Asian ceramics - Chinese porcelain

Who was Kosiah Wedgwood?

He developed an imitation of ceramics that became very popular

What were other household consumer items in great demand? Why?

Mirrors, cotton and linen goods, silks, decorative prints, and jewelry

Showed status symbol

What new foods were Europeans able to obtain?

Coffee, hot chocolate, tea, liqueurs, and sugar

What were coffeehouses for? What was used instead of coffeehouses in villages?

Meeting place for all classes

Taverns and alehouses were used to socialize, converse, and drink alcohol

What were inns?

Taverns that allowed sleeping accommodations

What were theaters and opera houses designed to?

Cater to a new and broader audience - growing middle class

What was an alternative to coffeehouses?

Lending libraries leading to the idea of a public opinion on a issue

Public became increasingly literate

What printed materials became avaliable to communities?

Newspapers, periodicals, books, pamphlets, and Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie

What did a growing desire for consumer goods change about society's attitude?

Changed society's attitude towards labor - mainly women

Social patterns were rethought

What changed in homes?

Rooms were decorated and assigned specific funcitons

What was the boudoir?

First meant to be used for prayer

Later changed to private retreat for women to free herself from her husband and roles

What does the boudoir reflect?

Emerging concept of domesticity - idea of the home as a private sphere distinct from the encroachments of the public world

Where was this new concept of domestic space reflected in?

Sentimental novel, a popular 18th century literary genre that celebrated feeling over reason

What were the themes of sentimental novels?

Main characters were often females and virtue was a main theme

Women were either virtuous or their virtue was lost

Who were sentimental authors?

Samuel Richardson, Jonathan Swift, Jane Austen, and George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)

What did Samuel Richardson write and focus on?

Pamela and Clarissa

Emphasized the vital role private domestic spaces served in the lives of his female characters

What did Jonathan Swift write?

The Lady's Dressing Room

What did the focus in painting, architecture, and music become?

Grandeur, ostentation, and unimaginable opulence

Magnificent

What was the Baroque movement inspired by?

Religious fervor of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations dominated European art