Unit 1

What do most macromolecules form?

Polymers

How is maltose formed?

Joining two glucose molecules

How is sucrose formed?

Joining a fructose and glucose molecule

How is lactose formed?

Joining a glucose and a galactose molecule

How and where do plants store surplus glucose?

Stored as starch in the leaves

How and where do animals store surplus glucose?

Stored as glycogen in the liver

Which macromolecule does not form polymers?

Lipids

What are lipids constructed of?

Three fatty acids & glycerol

What is the molecule called that is three fatty acids+ glycerol?

Triglyceride

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

They consist of mostly hydrocarbons

What is a saturated fatty acid and what is an example?

Contains no C=C, hydrogens bonded at every point possible. Examples are most animal fats like butter

What is an unsaturated fat and what is an example?

Contains one or more C=C bonds that limits the bonding of hydrogens. Examples are plant and fish oils

What are “Hydrogenated oils”?

unsaturated fats that have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

What is a steroid?

Lipids with a carbon skeleton of four fused rings that have various functional groups attached

What is the precursor to all other steroids?

Cholesterol

What can high levels of cholesterol in the blood contribute to?

Cardiovascular disease

What is a phospholipid?

Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol & a phosphate group.

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrofilic?

The head

How many amino acids are there?

20

What is an amino acid made of?

carboxyl and amino groups

What are the four components attached to the asymmetrical alpha carbon?

Hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, and a variable R group

What is a primary protein structure?

Unique sequence of amino acids, straight chain

What is a secondary protein structure?

Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded

What is a tertiary protein structure?

Determined by interactions among various R groups

What is a quaternary protein structure?

when two or more polypeptides join to form a protein

How do proteins and phospholipids move in a membrane?

laterally

When is a membrane more solid?

Cold temperatures and closely packed phospholipids, saturated fats present

When is a membrane more fluid?

Warm temperatures and loosely packed phospholipids, unsaturated fats present

What is a peripheral protein?

not embedded in the bilayer

What is an integral protein?

Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the bilayer