Social Studies Section 1

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The most common forms of government:

democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism.

democracy

The people can elect their leaders and decide how their country is governed.

monarchy

a single person (usually a king or queen) controls the government.

dictatorship

a single person or group holds absolute power over the government, often without the people's consent.

communism

the government owns and controls all property and resources.

The principles of democracy were born in,,in the___century B.C.E. and are said to be the foundation of Western Civilization.and are said to be the foundation of Western Civilization.

Athens, Greece,5th

In colonial America, the___appointed governors of the colonies.

King of England

_regulated the governor's salary and used that as leverage for colonial needs and wants.

Legislatures

The purpose of the_was to state the colonists' grievances against the British monarchy, which forced the colonies to separate from the British Empire.

Declaration of Independence

"Framers."

The men who wrote the Constitution

The Constitution was written in and ratified by the states in _

1787, 1788

popular sovereignty

places the people at the center of power

The Framers were

The Framers

The Framers did not establish a__and were wary of extending political rights to most Americans. They believed they were ill-informed, too easily manipulated, and would serve their own interests over the nation's interests.

Democracy

Framers established a_.

Republic

republic

a government that allows for majority rule while protecting the rights of the minority.

In the nation's early years, voting was deeply partisan, propelled by self-interested voters and.

corrupt elected officials

The President is chosen by the , which is chosen by state legislatures.

Electoral College

Federal _ and are appointed and not elected. They also serve lifelong terms.

judges, justices

Members of the _ are up for election every two years; they are the most susceptible to public pressure and the whims of voters.

House of Representatives

Until , Senators were appointed by state legislatures. The people now elect them.

1913

___of the Senate is up for election every two years; this protects them from popular pressure more than members of the House.

1/3

When teaching government structure and process, you will teach students that the United States is a_

constitutional federal republic

The American system of government has and separation of powers.

vertical, horizontal

he federal government can restrain the states, and the states can slow federal overreach.

Vertically

he legislative, executive, and judicial branches are separated.

Horizontally

students will learn the function and structure of government, the importance of democratic values, and what it means to be a good citizen.

civics

is the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

The Bill of Rights

guarantee the fundamental rights of a U.S. citizen while also recognizing that the Constitution does not cover every fundamental right.

Constitutional amendments

The was added to ensure the states ratified the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

were ratified by the states and included in the Bill of Rights.

Ten amendments

The _ Amendment has four protections: freedom of religion, speech, and press, and the right to assemble and petition the government peacefully.

First

forbids the federal government from creating or instituting a national religion.

Establishment Clause

protects individuals from being jailed, fined, or penalized for practicing religion. An individual is not allowed to harm others in expressing their religious beliefs.

Free Exercise Clause

viewed by Framers as the backbone of all other liberties.

Freedom of Speech and Press

political or nonpolitical purposes at events like the movies, birthday parties, union meetings, weddings, and protests creates a sense of community and shared belonging.

right to assemble

The _ Amendment protects the right of individuals to possess weapons.

Second

The _ Amendment protects American citizens from housing soldiers in private residences during peacetime without consent. It does allow for quartering troops during the war.

Third

The _ Amendment limits the government's ability to detain or search a person or their property without proper cause. It also requires warrants to be issued to conduct these searches.

Fourth

being tried twice for the same crime

Double Jeopardy

refusing to testify against themselves ("plead the Fifth.")

Self-Incrimination

The _ Amendment protects individuals from:

Fifth

Double Jeopardy: being tried twice for the same crime

Self-Incrimination: refusing to testify against themselves ("plead the Fifth.")

Requires a grand jury to determine if sufficient evidence is available before bringing serious criminal charges. This differs from the petit jury that listens to evidence at criminal trials.

requires that judicial system rules be followed and the rights of the individual protected before losing freedom or property due to a crime.

Due Process

The _ Amendment details the specific rules and procedures that must be followed to ensure due process.

Sixth

Rights protected in the _ Amendment include:

Right to a speedy trial

Right to a public trial

Right to an impartial jury

Right to a jury from the state and district where the crime was committed

Right to be informed of accusations

Right to confront accusatory witnesses

Right to subpoena witnesses

Right to receive legal counsel at trial

The Amendment asserts the right to a jury in civil cases.

Seventh

The _ Amendment protects individuals from excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

Eighth

The _ Amendment asserts that citizens have rights not specifically listed in the Constitution.

Ninth

The Amendment reserves powers not outlined in the Constitution to the states.

Tenth

is an important part of democratic society and upholds the idea that everyone should be treated fairly, equally, and consistently under the law.

The rule of law

The three branches of government are,and_

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

There are also three government levels:,,_

local, state, federal

President

Executive

Vice President

Cabinet Members

Employees of the various government departments

Governor

Mayor

State or federal members of Congress (House of Representatives & the Senate)

Legislative

Employees of the Council or Congress

Judges

Judicial

Justices

Clerks

Employees for the courts

One thing to note is that we have a ___ legislature, which means we have two houses in our legislature, also known as Congress.

bi-cameral

is the most powerful branch of the federal government, which was done on purpose to ensure the government officials closest to average citizens had the most power.

Congress

_is charged with writing federal rules, policies, and laws.

Congress

The _ is tasked with enforcing all the rules, laws, and policies of the Constitution and the laws passed by Congress.

executive branch

The is tasked with interpreting the law, including the Constitution, to ensure that rules, laws, and policies do not violate the Constitution or violate the rights of citizens. The __comprises district and circuit courts and the Supreme Court.

Judicial Branch

A system of __was put in place to prohibit one branch of government from concentrating too much power.

checks and balances

A system divides power between national and state governments. The federal government controls national issues: defense, taxation, international and interstate trade, etc.

federalist

__ are in charge of local issues: public education, police powers, local infrastructure, licensing, and the state economy.

State governments

_ is made up of individuals who govern over a singular municipality, usually a city or town. The ___ is tasked with ensuring that local tax revenue is collected and that tax money is spent on the infrastructure for the town or city, like recreation centers, libraries, trash collection, and police and fire departments.

Local government

The way _ are organized depends on the size of the town and the charter, but every municipality has the following:

City council based on representation (legislative center)

City manager

Mayor (executive)

Judicial branch

changes to the constitution

Amendment

Some examples of amendments include:

18th, 21st

The Amendment prohibits the making or selling of alcohol

_ Amendment reversing alcohol prohibition

Amendment giving non-white males (15th) and women (19th) the right to vote