History 102 1st Exam

Challenges of the Ming Dynasty

Imperial management and silver

Strengths of the ming dynasty

china was the world’s greatest productive power (agriculture, porcelain, silk)

Admiral & Diplomat from Ming Dynasty, muslim, best friends with Emperor Zhu Di

Zheng He

Why did Zheng He set sail

expand TRIBUTE SYSTEM, encourage trade, and man hunt

What did Zheng He’s fleet consist of?

300 ships, 27,000 sailors, 50 million trees

Where did Zheng He travel to?

India, Arabia, Swahili Coast, Africa

Why was Zheng He in India?

Indian Ocean = Old world highway

What was in India for Zheng He?

Indian industrialization and textile production (COTTON)

What was not in India?

Lack of political and religious unity

Why was Zheng in Arabia?

Power of the DAR AL-ISLAM

What was in the Islamic world?

age of the gunpowder empires

what was not in Arabia?

European merchants

Why was Zheng in Swahili Coast/Africa?

Great Islamic trading states of the SAHEL & SWAHILI COAST, empires of GOLD in Africa

What is not in Africa?

Harsh environments and “LIMITS OF THE POSSIBLE”

Why was Zheng not in Europe?

Legacy of Roman collapse, underdevelopment and the Dar Al-Islam

What was in Europe?

gunpowder epic and rise of early modern states

What was not in Europe?

soil

What problem did Europe face?

The Ottoman Challenge

What was the solution to the Ottoman challenge?

sea route to Asia

What experiment did Europe try?

Age of portuguese maritime exploration (1415-1515)

Payoff from the Portuguese experiment?

Portuguese imperialism and armed trading in Indian Ocean

What is the Ming contingency?

Zheng’s last ride (1433)

What was the Ming consolidation?

letting world come to China

What was the Ming collapse (1644)

THE LITTLE ICE AGE and agricultural ruin

European culture tends to portray Islamic, Asian, African cultures as…?

Primitive and backwards, authoritarian and despotic, impulsive and irrational, exotic and erotic

what year did the turks arrive and the establishment of the ottoman sultanate?

1299

what years did the byzantine empire end and expansion of Islam into europe>

1453-60

what years was the age of the ottoman expansion?

1453-1683

Brotherly battle royale system in the Ottoman

FRATCIDIAL SYSTEM (1299-1617)

slavery and power in ottoman empire

DEVSHIME SYSTEM

power of tolerance

MILET SYSTEM

The Ottomans and the makings of our modern world were?

URBAN CULTURE (coffee house), CONSUMER CULTURE (tulip craze), SECTARIAN VIOLENCE (selim the grim and the safavids)

what did not work for the ottomans?

the sun, janissaries, nationalism, succession

what year did Christopher Columbus sail the Atlantic Ocean

1492

With the rise of the Spanish empire, the American world rose to what societies/regimes?

paleolithic societies and OLD-BIOLOGICAL REGIMES

What years were Aztec empire active?

1400-1521

origins of the Aztec Empire?

MEXICA AND SETTLEMENT OF CENTRAL MEXICO VALLEY

reasons for expansion of the Aztec empire?

RELIGIOUS IMPERIALISM AND TRADE

society and economy of Aztec Empire?

CHINAMPAS AND GROWTH OF TENOCHTITLAN (200-300K RESIDENTS)

politics of Inca empire (1438-1533)

INTEGRATION & INHERITANCES PROBLEMS

infrastructure of Inca empire?

ARCHITECTS OF THE AMERICAS

administration of the inca empire?

THE QUIPU

why were the spanish able to conquer?

TECHNOLOGY (steel blades,crossbows,guns), POLITICS (taking advantage of conflict), DISEASE (columbian exchange & mass death)

What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on disease?

DISEASES SPREAD FROM AFRO-EURASIA TO THE AMERICANS, CAUSING MASSIVE INDIGENOUS DEATH

what crops were exchanged through the Columbian Exchange?

MAIZE, POTATOES, TOMATOES

How did the Columbian exchange affect Afro-Eurasia’s population?

New crops fueled a 2nd agricultural revolution, leading to a 2-3x population growth

How did the war contribute to the decline of the Spanish Empire?

Wars drained resources as Spain tried to recreate a Roman-like empire

What does the phrase “owned the crow but did not drink the milk” mean about Spain’s empire?

Spain controlled vast resources but failed to use them effectively, struggling with the challenges of managing an early modern empire

How did Asia, especially China, impact Spain’s wealth?

About ¾ of American silver ended up in Asia (china), reducing Spain’s long-term economic benefit

Why did the English Empire thrive compared to Spain?

Mercantilism, resources and industry, and integration into global market with cash crop (tobacco and sugar) to consumer commodity, national market, imperial trade and rise of europe

Why was transatlantic slavery central to the new world economy?

Sugar cultivation required industrial-scale agriculture, and high mortality rates in the tropics drove demand for enslaved labor, portuguese experiment led to African exploration and plantation system

Effects of slavery in africa

decline in population, decline in economic productivity, decline in state construction

Effects of slavery in Europe

rise of manufacturing, rise of trade, rise of capitalism

Slavery in Americas

rise of europeans ecologies, rise of race and necropolitics, rise of settler colonies

big changes of new world economy europe fostered what?

globalized, hegemonic, winners & losers, biological transformation

What led to Luthor nailing his 95 theses to a wittenberg cathedral in 1517

church corruption, justification througn righteousness, latin liturgy

What is Luthor going to do differently?

justification by faith, priesthood of all believers, reading in vernacular/scriptures hold truth

Who supported Luthor durng the Reformation

Northern German princes

What event showed the radical side of the reformation?

The Peasants’ War (1524-1525), led by radical clergy and peasants

How did Luthor respond to the Peasants’ War?

He condemned it in Against the Robbin and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

How many peasants were killed inthe suppression of the revolt?

200,000

What were the limits of the Reformation?

It remained a spiritual/religious movement, not a political/social one

Consequences of the reformation

breaking the power of the catholic church, increased state power over church, increased state centralization due to religious conflict

what political idea dominated England in 1603?

divine right of kings

Who controlled England’s national economy in 1603?

monarchy and untaxed gentry

how did the state church affect society in 1603 england?

ruled oppressively, enforcing conformity

How was the universe viewed in England in 1603?

As divinely ordered

By 1714, could the english monarch rule without parliament?

no, the monarch could not rule without parliament’s consent

Who controlled the national economy in england by 1714?

a centralized economy was managed by parliament

What changes occurred in religious and legal policy by 1714?

tolerance for dissing protestants and the outlawing of torture

How did politics and science change in England by 1714?

politics became a form of rational inquiry, and modern science was triumphant

What religious tensions existed in England under King James IV?

The Protestant reformation’s legacy, rise of the anglican church, and growth of puritanism

What economic changes fueled conflict under James IV?

enclosure and improvement of land, leading to the rise of a capitalist landed gentry

What political tensions emerged under James IV and Charles I?

Parliamentarians clashed with the monarchy over commerce and class interests

What sparked rebellion against Charles I in 1640?

the kingdom of scotland resisted his religious and political policies

How did parliament respond to charles I in 1640-1642?

the long parliament resisted his authority and limited his power

when did open conflict break out between king and parliament?

in 1642, parliament directly opposed Charles I, starting the civol war

what happened to the monarchy during the english revolution?

monarchy was temporarily destroyed

What government replaced the monarchy?

the commonwealth, ruled by parliament

What new political belief gained ground during the revolution?

The belief that political power ultimately belongs to the people

What happened to the old social order during the english revolution?

feudal order was destroyed

what economic system triumphed after the revolution?

capitalism

what was the major cultural change during english revolution?

rise of extreme religious pluralism