MICROPARA LAB EXAM

TERMS - DEFINITION LNG TO REVIEWHIN PARIN HO

candidiasis

is a mild superficial fungal infection caused by genus Candida.

onychomycosis

is a Candida infection in the nails.

oral thrush

is a Candida infection in the oropharynx.

moniliasis

is a Candida infection in the vagina.

Candida albicans

what is the causative agent for candidiasis?

Candida albicans

are part of the normal flora of the GIT, mouth, vagina, and skin but they cause infection when opportunity arises.

candidiasis

it is when the skin becomes scaly, erythematous, and papular rash is present, sometimes appearing below the breasts, between the fingers, and the axillae, groin, and umbilicus.

chancroid

is a STD characterized by painful genital ulcers and inguinal adenitis.

Haemophilus ducreyi

what is the causative agent of chancroid?

Haemophilus ducreyi

a gram (-), non-spore-forming streptobacilli.

1 to 14 days

what is the incubation period of chancroid?

3 to 5 days

what is the average incubation period of chancroid?

chancroid

lesions are confined to the genital sites; it begins as a small papule surrounded by zones of erythema and soon erodes to produce a sharply circumscribed, non-indurated ulcer with granulating base.

shallow surface

contains many polymorphonuclear cells, RBCs, and debris.

wide middle zone

is edematous and shows endothelial proliferation of blood vessels but lacks fibroblastic repair.

deep zone

there is a dense infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes.

phimosis

tightening of the foreskin, where it cannot br fully retracted over the glans penis

Chlamydial infections

are the most common STD in the US.

Chlamydia trachomatis

what causes chlamydial infections?

chlamydial infections

cause urethritis in males, while urethritis and cervicitis in females.

dyspareunia

painful srxual intercourse

salphingitis

inflammation of the fallopian tube

chickenpox

is an acute and highly contagious disease of viral etiology.

chickenpox

it is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes w/ mild constitutional symptoms.

Varicella-zoster virus

what is the causative agent of chickenpox?

10 to 21 days after exposure

what is the incubation period for chickenpox?

celestial map

all stages are present simultaneously before all are covered with scabs, these are known as ___.

macule

is a lesion that is not elevated above the skin surface.

papule

is a lesion that is elevated above the skin surface w/ a diameter of about 3 mm.

vesicle

a pox-like eruption filled w/ fluid. Thin-walled vesicle easily bursts and dries up in 3 to 5 days.

pustule

is a vesicle that is infected or filled w/ pus. If the lesion becomes infected, the scar may be big and wide.

crust

is a scab or eschar. It is a secondary lesion caused by the secretion of vesicle drying on the skin.

cholera

is an acute bacterial enteric disease of the GIT characterized by profuse diarrhea, vomiting, massive loss of fluid and electrolytes that could result in hypovolemic shock, acidosis, and death.

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio comma

what is the causative agent of cholera?

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio comma

curved rods (comma-shaped), gram (-), and motile w/ a single polar flagellum.

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio comma

can survive well at ordinary temperature and can grow well in temperature ranging from 22–40 degrees centigrade (or even refrigerated foods).

choleragen

is an enterotoxin produced by organisms as they grow in the intestinal tract.

cholera

it causes rice-watery stool.

1 to 3 days

what is the incubation period for cholera?

enterotoxin

fluid loss is attributed to the ____.

mucosal cell

is stimulated to increase secretion of chloride, associated w/ water and bicarbonate loss.

aphonia

the loss of voice but with whispered speech.

extracellular volume loss

leads to severe dehydration, restlessness, and excessive thirst and circulatory collapse or shock "washer-woman's hand".

metabolic acidosis

is due to loss of large volume of bicarbonate-rich stool that results in rapid respirations w/ intervals of apnea.

hypokalemia

due to massive loss of potassium in the stool and paralytic ileus.

renal failure

occurs as a consequence of prolonged, untreated shock or unrelieved hypokalemia.

convulsions and tetany

is probably caused by loss of magnesium.

hypoglycemia

in untreated children who have been in stupor for several days.

corneal scarring

in stuporous patient who has lost the "wink reflex."

acute pulmonary edema

may follow hydration in cases of uncorrected metabolic acidosis.

COVID-19

is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus.

COVID-19

the new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

COVID-19

is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally.

coronaviruses

are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans.

SARS-CoV-2

what is the causative agent of COVID-19?

respiratory droplets

it is when the droplet particles are > 5-10 µm in diameter

droplet nuclei

it is when the droplet particles are <5µm in diameter.

Droplet transmission

occurs wuen a person is in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms

RT-PCR

it detects the presence of the virus and sensitivity is higher and more accurate than the RDT.

MERS-CoV

is a zoonotic disease that can cause severe respiratory illness.

MERS-CoV

it was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has infected more than 2,000 individuals worldwide.

coronaviruses

what is the causative agent of MERS-CoV?

coronaviruses

what is the largest of RNA viruses, with positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes of 26–43 kb?

serology

it is not considered a diagnostic test but may offer valuable epidemiologic data; it must be ordered in consultation and with approval of CDC via the EOC.

severe acute respiratory syndrome

is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-associated coronavirus.

severe acute respiratory syndrome

it was first identified at the end of Feb. 2003 during an outbreak that emerged in China and spread to 4 other countries.

2 to 7 days

when do the symptoms of SARS appear?

dengue fever

is an acute febrile disease caused by infection with one of the serotypes of dengue virus.

genus Aedes

what is the causative agent for dengue?

dengue

is also known as Break-bone fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Dandy fever, Infectious Thrombocytopenic Purpura.

dengue hemorrhagic fever

is a fatal manifestation of dengue virus that manifests with bleeding diathesis and hypovolemic shock.

Flavivirus

a family Togaviridae, a small, single-strand RNA.

3 to 14 days; 7 to 10 days

what is the incubation period for dengue?

stagnant/standing water

these are the waters along the household and premises that are usual breeding places of these mosquitoes.

initial phase

in this stage, the virus deposited in the skin by the vector; within a few days viremia occurs, lasting until the 5th day for the symptoms to show.

vascular leakage

results in hemoconcentration and serous effusions and can lead to circulatory collapse.

Grade 1

there is fever, w/ positive tourniquet test.

Grade 2

all signs in Grade 1 plus spontaneous bleeding from the nose, gums, GIT.

Grade 3

presence of circulatory failure, weak pulse, narrow pulse pressure, hypotension, cold, clammy skin, and restlessness.

Grade 4

profound shock, undetectable BP and pulse.

Dengue fever

epistaxis, menorrhagia, GI bleeding, peptic ulcer.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

metabolic acidosis, myocarditis, hyperkalemia, tissue anoxia, CNS hemorrhage or adrenal glands, uterine bleeding.

oral hydration therapy

is recommended for patients with moderate dehydration caused by high fever and vomiting.

IV fluids

is indicated for patients with dehydration.

transfusion

patients with internal or gastrointestinal bleeding may require ____.

fresh frozen plasma

coagulopathy may require ____.

diphtheria

is an acute bacterial disease that can infect the body in two areas: the throat and skin.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

what is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

a gram (+), non-sporulating, and generally aerobic.

Gravis strain

(severe) produces fatal cases.

Mitis strain

(mild) strain that produces lesions extending to the larynx and the lungs.

Intermedius

(intermediate) results in tendency to bleed.

2 to 5 days

when do symptoms begin in diphtheria?

2 to 3 weeks

when is diphtheria communicable for untreated patients?

1 to 2 weeks

when is diphtheria communicable for treated patients?

diphtheria

results in grayish pseudomembrane found over the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx.

laryngeal diphtheria

it is most commonly found in children (2 to 5 yo.).

myocarditis

is the inflammation of the heart muscle.

myocarditis

is caused by the action of diphtheria toxin on the heart muscles.

virulence test

is used to test for toxigenic effect of C. bacteria.