SBU3Ue - Unit 5.2 - Respiration System

Breathing

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

External Respiration

Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

List: Four Factors that affect respiration

1. Body Size

2. Smoking/Vaping

3. Excercise

4. CO2 levels

Cellular Respiration

The process where cells use oxygen & produce CO2 in order to create ATP.

List: The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

Diffusion

The movement of particles from a high to low concentration gradient across a membrane

List: Three Factors that affect the Rate of Diffusion

1. Surface Area

2. Concentration Gradient

3. Distance that the molecule must travel

Nasal Passage

The primary area that takes in air through the nose

Mouth Cavity

The secondary area that takes in air through the mouth

Mucous

Thick, slippery substance that traps foreign particles & assists in removal

Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures that trigger coughing & sneezing to remove foreign particles

Pharynx

The throat area that connects the mouth/nose area to the trachea, responsible for warming, cleaning & moistening air.

Epiglottis

Flap like structure that protects the airway when swallowing

Larynx

Mainly responsible for vocal production

Trachea

Windpipe that transports air from the larynx to the lungs

Bronchi

Two large tubes that carry air from the trachea to each lung. The right one has three lobes, and the left one has two, due to the heart.

Brionchioles

Smaller tubes that branch off the bronchi and carry air deeper into the lungs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.

Inhalation

The process of breathing air in. The diaphragm moves down & ribs move up & out, which increases volume & decreases pressure.

Exhalation

The process of breathing air out. The diaphragm moves up & ribs move down & in, which decreases volume & increases pressure.

Diaphragm

A muscle that helps you breathe by moving up and down to change air pressure in the lungs.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that exchange gases with the alveoli: picks up O2, gives up CO2

Tidal Volume (TV)

The Regular Rate of Air Exchange

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The extra air you could breathe in after a normal inhale

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The extra air you could breathe out after a normal exhale

Vital Capacity (VC)

The maximum amount of air that can be exchanged.
VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Residual Volume (RV)

The extra air that stays in your lungs after you breathe out as much as possible, preventing your lungs from fully deflating. It is about 1000ml of air.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The maximum amount of air your lungs can hold.
TLC = VC + RV

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

All air that can be inhaled
IC = TV + IRV

Expiratory Capacity (EC)

All air that can be exhaled.
EC = TV + ERV

Minute Volume

The volume of air entering your lungs each minute

List: The Four Steps of Inhalation

1. Ribs & Diaphragm Move (Ribs go up & out, diaphragm goes down)

2. Volume Increases

3. Pressure Decreases

4. Air Enters Lungs

List: The Four Steps of Exhalation

1. Ribs & Diaphragm Move (Ribs go down & in, diaphragm goes up)

2. Volume Decreases

3. Pressure Increases

4. Air Exits Lungs

Pleura

A layer of membrane around the lungs that provide lubrication between lungs & ribs to reduce friction, and provide negative pressure to prevent collapse.

Hemoglobin

A red colored molecule that is apart of the red bloods cells, which allows O2 to attach to it. It is made of 2 parts: the heme and the globin.

Heme

The component of hemoglobin that is made of iron, making it look red

Globin

The component of hemoglobin that is a protein and wraps around the heme

List: Two ways that Oxygen is transported around the body

1. Dissolved in Plasma

2. Attaching to hemoglobin (primarily)

Plasma

The fluid of the blood that oxygen can dissolve in to be transported around the body

Oxyhemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin when oxygen is attached

List: Three Ways that Carbon Dioxide can be transporter around the body

1. Dissolved in Plasma (small amount)

2. Combines with Hemoglobin (very small amount)

   1. Reacts with H2O to form Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-), which then diffuses into the plasma

Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that speeds up the formation of the Bicarbonate Ion

Catabolism

Metabolic process in which large molecules are broken down

Anabolism

Metabolic processes in which small molecules are built to form more complex ones

List: The Six Body Functions that require ATP

1. Growth

2. Repair

3. Digestion

4. Structure

5. Temperature

6. Homeostasis

List: The Three Steps of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

List: Seven Reasons for Oxygen Deprieviation

1. Choking

2. Drowning

3. Electric Shock

4. Heart Attack

5. Inhaling Toxic Gases

6. Altitude

7. Exposure to CO