Unit 3 Chapter 6: Concepts of Culture

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39 Terms

1

culture

refers to the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

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2

cultural trait

a single attribute of a culture

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3

artifacts

visible objects and technologies that a culture creates, such as houses and buildings, clothing, tools, toys and land-use practices.

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4

sociofacts

structures and organizations that influence social behavior, such as families, governments, education systems, and religious organizations.

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5

mentifacts

central, enduring elements of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs.

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6

popular culture

widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a give point in time; tend to change quickly

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7

traditional culture

comprised of long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation, such as language, food, ceremonies, and customs.

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8

cultural norms

shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people, play an important role in upholding traditions and keep traditional culture from changing.

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9

ethnocentrism

an attitude towards cultural differences in which an ethnic group tends to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture; exists in varying degrees; can lead to the belief that one's own cultural group is superior

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10

cultural relativism

an attitude towards cultural differences in which a culture is evaluated solely by its unique standards; requires putting asides one's own cultural criteria to understand the context behind the cultural practice of another culture

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11

cultural landscape

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

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12

identity

how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

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13

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

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14

ethnicity

state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

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15

ethnic neighborhoods

cultural landscapes within communities of people outside of their areas of origin; large cities typically contain these minority clusters. Ex. Chinatown and Little Italy

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16

religion

a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values; significantly impacts cultural landscapes

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17

pilgrimage

a journey to a holy place, undertaken for religious reasons

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18

language

carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities; visible language is a clue to the identities of the people who live in an areas

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19

toponyms

place names help define what is unique about a place such as its geographic features or history

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20

gendered spaces

spaces that are designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles; can exists in homes, workplaces, and public areas; can be supportive or restrictive

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21

safe spaces

spaces of acceptance for people such as members of the LGTQIA+ community who are sometimes marginalized by society; exist within larger more traditional landscapes

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22

third place

refers to a communal space such as a coffee shop, fitness center, or bookstore that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place).

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23

sense of place

the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location

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24

placemaking

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn; dynamic process that adapts to the needs of the physical, cultural, and social identities that participate in defining and using a specific place

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25

dialects

a variation of a standard language specific to a general area; distinguished by differences in pronunciation, cadence, word choice, and spelling. It becomes part of a regional identity.

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26

adherents

people who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization.

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27

denominations

a religious branch can be subdivided into separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations. Ex. Lutheran, Methodist, and Baptists are denominations of the Protestant branch of Christianity.

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28

sect

a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

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29

centripetal force

a force that unites a group of people; cultural traits the create solidarity among a group and provide stability

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30

centrifugal force

a force that divides groups of people; cultural traits that sow division between the people of a country or region, sometimes leading to violence, civil unrest, or war

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31

multiculturalism

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

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32

contagious diffusion

occurs when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently or to people or places that are next to or adjoining one another regardless of social class or status

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33

hierarchical diffusion

spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places

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34

stimulus diffusion

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

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35

Relocation Diffusion

The innovation or idea is physically carried to new area by migrant individuals or population

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36

Hearth

an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse

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37

assimilation

a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other; can be voluntary or forced

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38

acculturation

the process by which people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

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39

syncretism

process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new; it is an effect of diffusion that can occur through immigration, military conquest, or marriage between different groups.

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