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National Institute of Science and Technology
The standards and reference materials that must be used are the ones referred to by ___________________.
True
True or False: Standard reference materials certified by NIST are used instead of "primary standards."
Water
What is the most used reagent in the lab?
reagent grade
Labs require ________________ water.
- Prefiltration
- Distillation
- Deionization
- Reverse Osmosis
- Ultrafultration and nanofiltration
What are the methods of water purification?
Triple Distilled Water
What is the preferred water in Clinical Chemistry?
SI Units (Systeme International d'Unites)
Provides a uniform system or method of describing physical quantities (based on metric system)
- Basic Units
- Derived
- Selected accepted non-SI Units
What are the types of units of measurement?
meter (m)
What is the SI Unit for...
length
kilogram (kg)
What is the SI Unit for...
Mass
seconds (s)
What is the SI Unit for...
Time
ampere (A)
What is the SI Unit for...
Electric Current
Kelvin (K)
What is the SI Unit for...
Thermodynamic temperature
mole (mol)
What is the SI Unit for...
amount of substance
candela (cd)
What is the SI Unit for...
Luminous instensity
- meter
- kilogram
- second
- ampere
- kelvin
- mole
- candela
What are the basic units?
- Hertz (Hz)
- Newton (N)
- Celsius (C)
- Katal (kat)
What are the select-derived units?
Hertz (Hz)
What is the SI Unit for frequency?
Newton (N)
What is the SI Unit for force?
Celsius
What is the SI Unit for celsius temperature?
Katal (kat)
What is the SI Unit for Catalytic Activity?
- Minute (min)
- Hour (h)
- Day (d)
- Liter (L)
- Angstrom (A)
What are the selected accepted non-si?
Solute
a substance dissolved in a liquid
analytes
biologic solutes
biologic solutes
Analytes are also known as...
solvent
liquid in which solute is dissolved
Solution
solute plus solvent
Concentration
Expressed in percent solution, molarity, molality, normality, moles
- Colligative Properties
- REDOX Potential
- Conductivity
- pH
- buffers
What are the solution properties?
Colligative Properties
Osmotic pressure, vapor pressure, freezing point, boiling point
Redox Potential
Measure of ability of solution to accept or donate electrons
Conductivity
Measure of how well electricity passes through a solution
pH
inverse log of hydrogen ion concentration
Buffers
weak acids or bases and their related salts that minimize changes in hydrogen ion concentration
- Vapor pressure
- Freezing Point
- Boiling Point
- Osmotic Pressure
What are the Colligative properties? (4)
Vapor Pressure
pressure at which the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor
Freezing Point
temperature at which the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases are the same
Boiling Point
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere
Osmotic pressure
pressure the opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium
- Reducing Agent
- Oxidizing Agent
What are the agents in redox potential?
Reducing Agent
substances that donate electrons
Oxidizing agents
substances that accept electrons
Conductivity
Depends on the number of respective charges of the ions present
Conductivity
Expressed as ohms-1 or mho
resistivity
Reciprocal of conductivity
resistivity
Measure of a substance's resistance to the passage of electrical current
Resistivity
Expressed as ohms
- liquid-in-glass
- electronic (thermistor probe)
- digital
What are the types of thermometers?
Burets
look like wide, long, graduated pipets with stopcock at one end
Syringes
sometimes used for transfer of small volumes in blood gas analysis or separation techniques
Laboratory vessels
flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders
Pipets
Glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquids
Centrifugation
A process in which centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension
mass, speed, radius
The force of centrifuge depends on... (3)
o Head or rotor
o Carriers or shields attached to vertical shaft of motor
o Metal enclosure
What are the parts of the centrifuge? (3)
refrigeration centrifuge
important in blood bank when you want to separate the different fractions of blood (fresh frozen plasma should be separated)
- Fixed
- Hematocrit
- Swinging-ucket
- Angled
What are the type of rotor head type for centrifuge? (4)
True
True or False: The speed of the centrifuge is essential because if it is too slow then some red blood cells might remain floating in the serum.
Filtration
Used only occasionally in labs today; Filter materials: paper, cellulose, polyester fibers, glass, resin column materials
Dialysis
Solution is put in bag or one side of semipermeable membrane; Larger molecules remain in bag or on one side of membrane; smaller molecules and solvents are diffused out
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
What are paracentesis fluids?
paracentesis fluids
Is analyzed concurrently with protein assays for lactate dehydrogenase analysis
4; -20
Refrigeration at _____ degrees Celsius for 8 hours, or freezing at _____ degrees Celsius for longer period, if later testing is required
1. Blood-culture tubes (yellow)
2. Coagulation sodium citrate tube (blue stopper)
3. Serum tubes with or without clot activator or gel separator
4. Heparin tubes with or without gel (green stopper) ● Natural anticoagulant
5. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes (lavender stopper)
6. Glycolytic inhibitor tubes (gray stopper)
Enumerate the proper order of draw - color of tube and anticoagulant.
Heparin
This is a natural anticoagulant.
Inhibits
Gives a false low/decrease value
Stimulates
Gives a false increase value
false
Enzymes react with anticoagulant, so it will give a ______________ result
Quality Assurance
This encompasses all phases
● Pre-analytical
● Analytical
● Post-analytical
What are the phases of laboratory testing?
Analytical
Quality control is the focus of what phase of the laboratory testing?
Sample Variables
Factors that may affect the results
Patient preparation
What are the sample variables under physiological considerations?
- controlled
- uncontrolled
Sample variables could be... (2)
Controlled variable
Lifestyle is what type of sample variable?
Uncontrollable variables
Age and gender are what type of sample variable?
True
T/F: Body fluids and analytes' fluctuations during the day.
the day
Hormones are increased during __________.
True
T/F: Fasting should be done early morning because it will be lower later on the day.
4 am to 6 am
Cortisol peaks at ______ to _______ am.
8pm to 12 am
Cortisol is the lowest at what time?
Cortisol
The hormone that increases with stress.
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Cortisol
This is lower at night and increases with stress. (2)
plasma renin activity
Lower at night; higher standing than supine
Aldosterone, Insulin
Hormones lower at night.
Growth hormone and acid phosphatase
Higher in the afternoon and evening
Thyroxine
Hormone that increases with exercise
Prolactin
Higher with stress; higher levels at 4 and 8 AM and at 8 and 10 PM
Iron
Peaks early to late morning; decreases up to 30% during the day
30%
Iron decreases up to ________ during the day
Calcium
4% decrease supine
Exercise
Involves any form of physical activity with short term or transient effect
True
T/F: Exercise has short term or transient effect.
lactate; fatty acids; alanine
One hour after exercise increases ______________, _______________, and _______________.
○ CK
○ AST
○ LDH
○ ALD
The long term effect of exercise increases the enzymatic activity of what enzymes? (4)
Alcohol or Drugs
Affect the liver; Induce hepatic microsomal enzyme release
Alcohol
Increases acetate and acetaldehyde level in the blood
gamma-glutamyl transferase; acetate; acetaldehyde
Alcohol increases __________________, ________________ and __________________ level in the blood.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase
first enzyme to increase upon intake of alcohol
Smoking
Acute effects include increasing plasma catecholamines and cortisol due to nicotine
Note
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