[MT 6317 LEC] Unit 2: Basic Principles and Practices

(c) morisete

National Institute of Science and Technology

The standards and reference materials that must be used are the ones referred to by ___________________.

True

True or False: Standard reference materials certified by NIST are used instead of "primary standards."

Water

What is the most used reagent in the lab?

reagent grade

Labs require ________________ water.

- Prefiltration

- Distillation

- Deionization

- Reverse Osmosis

- Ultrafultration and nanofiltration

What are the methods of water purification?

Triple Distilled Water

What is the preferred water in Clinical Chemistry?

SI Units (Systeme International d'Unites)

Provides a uniform system or method of describing physical quantities (based on metric system)

- Basic Units

- Derived

- Selected accepted non-SI Units

What are the types of units of measurement?

meter (m)

What is the SI Unit for...

length

kilogram (kg)

What is the SI Unit for...

Mass

seconds (s)

What is the SI Unit for...

Time

ampere (A)

What is the SI Unit for...

Electric Current

Kelvin (K)

What is the SI Unit for...

Thermodynamic temperature

mole (mol)

What is the SI Unit for...

amount of substance

candela (cd)

What is the SI Unit for...

Luminous instensity

- meter

- kilogram

- second

- ampere

- kelvin

- mole

- candela

What are the basic units?

- Hertz (Hz)

- Newton (N)

- Celsius (C)

- Katal (kat)

What are the select-derived units?

Hertz (Hz)

What is the SI Unit for frequency?

Newton (N)

What is the SI Unit for force?

Celsius

What is the SI Unit for celsius temperature?

Katal (kat)

What is the SI Unit for Catalytic Activity?

- Minute (min)

- Hour (h)

- Day (d)

- Liter (L)

- Angstrom (A)

What are the selected accepted non-si?

Solute

a substance dissolved in a liquid

analytes

biologic solutes

biologic solutes

Analytes are also known as...

solvent

liquid in which solute is dissolved

Solution

solute plus solvent

Concentration

Expressed in percent solution, molarity, molality, normality, moles

- Colligative Properties

- REDOX Potential

- Conductivity

- pH

- buffers

What are the solution properties?

Colligative Properties

Osmotic pressure, vapor pressure, freezing point, boiling point

Redox Potential

Measure of ability of solution to accept or donate electrons

Conductivity

Measure of how well electricity passes through a solution

pH

inverse log of hydrogen ion concentration

Buffers

weak acids or bases and their related salts that minimize changes in hydrogen ion concentration

- Vapor pressure

- Freezing Point

- Boiling Point

- Osmotic Pressure

What are the Colligative properties? (4)

Vapor Pressure

pressure at which the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor

Freezing Point

temperature at which the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases are the same

Boiling Point

temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere

Osmotic pressure

pressure the opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium

- Reducing Agent

- Oxidizing Agent

What are the agents in redox potential?

Reducing Agent

substances that donate electrons

Oxidizing agents

substances that accept electrons

Conductivity

Depends on the number of respective charges of the ions present

Conductivity

Expressed as ohms-1 or mho

resistivity

Reciprocal of conductivity

resistivity

Measure of a substance's resistance to the passage of electrical current

Resistivity

Expressed as ohms

- liquid-in-glass

- electronic (thermistor probe)

- digital

What are the types of thermometers?

Burets

look like wide, long, graduated pipets with stopcock at one end

Syringes

sometimes used for transfer of small volumes in blood gas analysis or separation techniques

Laboratory vessels

flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders

Pipets

Glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquids

Centrifugation

A process in which centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension

mass, speed, radius

The force of centrifuge depends on... (3)

o Head or rotor

o Carriers or shields attached to vertical shaft of motor

o Metal enclosure

What are the parts of the centrifuge? (3)

refrigeration centrifuge

important in blood bank when you want to separate the different fractions of blood (fresh frozen plasma should be separated)

- Fixed

- Hematocrit

- Swinging-ucket

- Angled

What are the type of rotor head type for centrifuge? (4)

True

True or False: The speed of the centrifuge is essential because if it is too slow then some red blood cells might remain floating in the serum.

Filtration

Used only occasionally in labs today; Filter materials: paper, cellulose, polyester fibers, glass, resin column materials

Dialysis

Solution is put in bag or one side of semipermeable membrane; Larger molecules remain in bag or on one side of membrane; smaller molecules and solvents are diffused out

pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

What are paracentesis fluids?

paracentesis fluids

Is analyzed concurrently with protein assays for lactate dehydrogenase analysis

4; -20

Refrigeration at _____ degrees Celsius for 8 hours, or freezing at _____ degrees Celsius for longer period, if later testing is required

1. Blood-culture tubes (yellow)

2. Coagulation sodium citrate tube (blue stopper)

3. Serum tubes with or without clot activator or gel separator

4. Heparin tubes with or without gel (green stopper) ● Natural anticoagulant

5. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes (lavender stopper)

6. Glycolytic inhibitor tubes (gray stopper)

Enumerate the proper order of draw - color of tube and anticoagulant.

Heparin

This is a natural anticoagulant.

Inhibits

Gives a false low/decrease value

Stimulates

Gives a false increase value

false

Enzymes react with anticoagulant, so it will give a ______________ result

Quality Assurance

This encompasses all phases

● Pre-analytical

● Analytical

● Post-analytical

What are the phases of laboratory testing?

Analytical

Quality control is the focus of what phase of the laboratory testing?

Sample Variables

Factors that may affect the results

Patient preparation

What are the sample variables under physiological considerations?

- controlled

- uncontrolled

Sample variables could be... (2)

Controlled variable

Lifestyle is what type of sample variable?

Uncontrollable variables

Age and gender are what type of sample variable?

True

T/F: Body fluids and analytes' fluctuations during the day.

the day

Hormones are increased during __________.

True

T/F: Fasting should be done early morning because it will be lower later on the day.

4 am to 6 am

Cortisol peaks at ______ to _______ am.

8pm to 12 am

Cortisol is the lowest at what time?

Cortisol

The hormone that increases with stress.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Cortisol

This is lower at night and increases with stress. (2)

plasma renin activity

Lower at night; higher standing than supine

Aldosterone, Insulin

Hormones lower at night.

Growth hormone and acid phosphatase

Higher in the afternoon and evening

Thyroxine

Hormone that increases with exercise

Prolactin

Higher with stress; higher levels at 4 and 8 AM and at 8 and 10 PM

Iron

Peaks early to late morning; decreases up to 30% during the day

30%

Iron decreases up to ________ during the day

Calcium

4% decrease supine

Exercise

Involves any form of physical activity with short term or transient effect

True

T/F: Exercise has short term or transient effect.

lactate; fatty acids; alanine

One hour after exercise increases ______________, _______________, and _______________.

○ CK

○ AST

○ LDH

○ ALD

The long term effect of exercise increases the enzymatic activity of what enzymes? (4)

Alcohol or Drugs

Affect the liver; Induce hepatic microsomal enzyme release

Alcohol

Increases acetate and acetaldehyde level in the blood

gamma-glutamyl transferase; acetate; acetaldehyde

Alcohol increases __________________, ________________ and __________________ level in the blood.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

first enzyme to increase upon intake of alcohol

Smoking

Acute effects include increasing plasma catecholamines and cortisol due to nicotine