Unit 1 AP World History Review

Grand Canal

a series if artificial waterways to facilitate trade between N and S China

Tang Taizong

Chinese Emperor (627-649) of the Tang Dynasty (618-907)

Sui Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (589-618 CE) that unified China after centuries of division; known for initiating the Grand Canal project

Equal-Field System

Chinese system during the Tang Dynasty in which the goal was to ensure equitable distribution of land

Tributary system

States paid goods to china in exchange for trade, recognition, and protection

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty 960-1279 marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society

Fast-Ripening Rice

rice that could be harvested 2x per year. Resulted in an expanded food supply.

Foot Binding

A practice that involved tight wrapping of girls feet with strips of cloth that prevented growth. Resulted in tiny malformed feet.

Porcelain

Light, thin, adaptive type of pottery. Highly valuable export during Tang and Song Dynasty

Gunpowder

An explosive that was eventually refined and used as a weapon. Created by Tang and Song craftsman

Paper money

alternative to cash. Wealthy merchants pioneered the use of printed paper money in the late 9th century. Merchants write notes for clients to redeem.

Mahayana Buddhism

“greater vehicle” a more metaphysical and popular Northern branch of Buddhism

Neo-Confucianism

Chinese think Zhu Xi 1130-1200. Combine Daoism and Buddhism = appealing. profound and lasting impact on East Asian governance, social structures, and intellectual traditions

Samurai

Japanese warrior

Bedouin

Nomadic Arabic tribespeople

Muhammad ibn Abdullah

Prophet of Islam 570-632

Quran

Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad

Hijra

Muhammads migration from the Mecca to Medina in 622. Beginning of the Islamic calendar, considered to mark the start of Islamic faith

Umma

Islamic term for the “community of the faithful”

5 pillars of Islam

1. professing faith

2. prayer facing Mecca

3. fasting during Ramadon

4. Almsgiving

5. Pilgrimage (hajj)

Jihad

Arabic term: “struggle” has various meanings to Muslims, each refer to imperative spread of Islam throughout the globe

Sharia

Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammads life

Caliph

“deputy” the Islamic leaders after Muhammads death

Abbasid dynasty

Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty 750-1258. Replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu al-Abbas. Reached peak under Harun al-Rashin

Ulama

Islamic officials, scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Quran and the Sharia

Sufis

Islamic mystics/missionaries who placed emphasis on emotion and devotion rather than strict adherence to rules

Gupta empire

Indian Empire 330-550CE marked by innovation, Hinduism forming greater, decentralization

King Harsha

Ruler of Northern India from 606-648

Chola kingdom

Southern Indian Hindu kingdom 850-1267, tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade

Viajayanagar

Southern Indian kingdom 1336-1565 that later fell to the Mughals

Sultanate of Dehli

Islamic state in Northern India 13th century

Mahmud of Ghazni

leader of a Turkic-Iranian state in Afghanistan

Monsoons

Seasonal winds in the Indian ocean, crucial for trade by providing predictable routes and success of agriculture

Emporia

Commercial establishments that specialize in products and services on a large scale, vital to the conduct of trans-regional trade

Caste System

heriarchal social structure in ancient-modern India. Divided people into hereditary groups with limited mobility based on birth, religion, and belief in karma

Jati

Thousands of distinct sub-castes within Indias broader caste system

Vishnu

Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna

Shiva

Hindu god associated with both fertility and destruction

Sufis

Islamic mystics (missionaries) who placed emphasis on emotion and devotion over strict adherence to rules

Bhakti movement

Hindu spiritual, cultural, and social phenomenon that emphasized a personal, loving connection with the divine, rather than strict rituals or caste-based hierarchy

Srivijaya

Southeast Asian kingdom 670-1025; based on the island of Sumatra, that used a powerful navy to dominate trade

Byzantine empire

Long lasting empire centered at Constantinople, grew out of the end of the roman empire, carried legay of roman greatness, only classical society to survive to early modern age

Constantinople

the purpose-built capital of the late roman and byzantine empires from the 4-15th centuries “city of constantine” roman emperor who founded it

Caesaropapism

relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the roman emperors, was the center of the church vs state controversy in medieval europe

Justinian

Important early emperor of the Byzantine empire reigned 527-565

Theodora

wife of Justinian, played a key role in the success of his reign

Hagia sophia

Huge Christian church constructed by the byzantine empire, Justinian later changed it into a mosque

Theme system

Corpus iuris “body of the civil law”, Justinians attempt to codify (arrange) roman law

Franks

most successful and influential of Germanic people

Charlemagne

ruler of the european carolingian empire 748-814

Missi dominici

“envoys of the lord ruler,” the noble church emissaries sent out by charlemagne

Vikings

The most feared invaders from the north. Group that raided the British Isles from their home at Vikings Norway

Feudalism

term used to characterize the political and social order of medieval europe “feudal system” hierarchy of lords and vassals in charge of military and political affairs

Eastern Orthodox church

Branch of Christianity (Byzantine empire) adherence to Byzantine tradition, liturgical practice, and belief in apostolic succession over 1 authority

Roman Catholic church

Dominant religious institution, led by the pope. Played important role in politics, culture, and social structure

Nomadic Pastoralism

herding animals and seasonally moving herds and themselves from place to place (grazing and water)

Salijuq Turks

Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire

Ghaznavid Turks

Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into North India in the 11th century and began a period of greater Islamic influence in India

Sultanate of Delhi

13th century Turkish sultanate claimed authority over all North India

Chinggis Khan

1162-1227 founder and first kahn of the mongol empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in the history of the world up to that time

Khubilai Khan

1215-1295 grandson of Chinggis khan and founder of the yuan dynasty in china in 1271

Yuan dynasty

Chinese dynasty 1279-1368 that was founded by the mongol ruler Khubilai khan

Ilkhanate of persia

mongol state that ruled the persia after the abolition of the Abbasid empire in the 13th century

golden horde

Group of mongols that overran russia 1237-1241 and then mounted exploratory expeditions

Mongol postal system

Communication and transportation network, relay stations

Pax Mongolica

period of relative peace around eurasia 13-14th century, mongol empire rule and power, trade on silk roads, postal system

Tamerlane

1336-1405 Also known as Timur founder of the timurid empire in modern day Iran and Central Asia

Ottoman empire

powerful turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453-1918 and reached peak during the reign of suleyman the magnificent (1520-1566)

Safavid empire

Persian empire 1501-1736 established Shia Islam, persian cultural identity

Mughal empure

empire in South Asia 1526 expanded across indian subcontinent

Bantu Migration

African peoples who originally lived in the area of present day Nigeria, around 2000 BCE they began a centuries long migration that took them to most of sub-saharan africa, the bantu were very influential linguistics

Banana cultivation

300-500 Bantus colonized madagascar and established banana cultivation that later jumped to east african mainland

Kin based societies 

villages/societies who governed themselves through family and kinship groups

Jenne-jeno

Settlement in the center Niger river region of africa. Thrived from the 4-8th centuries. known for iron production

kingdom of kongo

one of the more prosperous of the congoless states - participated actively in trade networks from the atlantic ocean

kingdom of ghana

the principle state of west africa at the time of the muslims arrival

Trans-saharan trade 

network of trade routes that connect north africa, sub-saharan africa and mediterranean world across the sahara desert

Sundiata

The lion prince 1230-1255

Mali empire

West african kingdom founded in the 13th century by Sundiata, reached its peak during the reign of mansa musa

Mansa Musa

reigned 1312-1337, ruler of the wealthy and powerful mali empire in west africa

Swahili city-states

powerful regions governed by kings who supervised trade and organized public life. large buildings, mosques, fine materials

Kilwa

One of the busiest city-states on the East african coast

Great Zimbabwe

large sub-saharan african kingdom in the 15th century

Zanj revolt

a lengthy uprising against the slave trade. 15,000 slaves captured Basra 869-883

Kingdom of Axum

African kingdom centered in ethiopia that became an early and laster center of coptic christianity

Holy Roman Empire

empire formed by germanic princes, viewed as a Christian revival of the earlier roman empire

Otto 1

Local authority of saxony - aggressive mid-10th century, he established himself as king of what is now N Germany

Investiture contest

1 aspect of the medieval European church-v-state controversy, the granting of church offices by a lay leader

Frederick Barbarossa

1152-1190 medieval emperor with land in modern S Germany who tried and failed to conquer Lambardy in modern Italy

Capetian France

early french dynasty, started with Hugh Capet

Norman England

English monarchy (Duke william the conqueror 1066), ruled more tightly centralized realm than the Capetian kings of france

Hanseatic League

Commercial confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in NW Europe that dominated Baltic trade 13-15th century

Three Estates

3 classes of european society composed of the clergy, aristocrats, and common people

Chivalry

European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor

Troubadours 

class of traveling poets and entertainers enthusiastically partronized by medieval aristocratic women in modern S france and N Italy

Guilds

regulated the production and sales of goods within their jurisdictions

Scholasticism

Medieval attempt of thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of greek philosophy

St Tomas Aquinas

1225-1274 an italian dominican friar and catholic priest whose religious writings become enormously influential in the school of scholasticism

Reconquista

Crusade, ending in 1492, to drive Islamic forces out of Spain

Crusades

refers to a holy war “venture forth to fight on behalf of Christianity.”