APUSH Periods 1 and 2

diverse

Native Americans lived in stable and _______ societies.

Cahokia

the largest of the chiefdoms of the Mississippians; after an earthquake, flooding, and erosion, the chiefdom fell and its people regrouped as the Eastern Woodland people: the Algonquian, Iroquoian, and the Muskogean

three sisters

corn, beans, and squash; named as such because they thrived when grown together

Roman Catholicism

placed Pope at head of church and emphasized obedience to church superiors

Protestantism

a branch of Christianity that claims that individuals can seek their salvation without the intervention of priests

Lutheranism

teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone

printing press

Without the new ______________ publishing Luther's pamphlets, there may not have been a Protestant Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s; resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine; had social and political implications because of its disruptions of class, wealth, and monarchial society and introduction of limited government

Calvinism

the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing the omnipotence of God and predetermined salvation

Bartolome de Las Casas

a Catholic priest who was horrified by the treatment of natives in Hispaniola and Cuba and devoted himself to aiding them

Columbian Exchange

a worldwide transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, which ultimately worked in favor of the Europeans at the expense of indigenous peoples

smallpox

also called the Great Dying; a third of the native population died due to this disease; Europeans considered it a punishment from God

conquistador

a Spanish conqueror

St. Augustine

first permanent European settlement in the United States

Huguenots

French Protestant refugees

Juan de Oñate

founder of New Mexico; known for his brutal rule of the natives Pueblos

tribute

taxes paid to New Spain leaders (usually in the form of a bushel of corn and a yard of cloth)

gold, god, glory

three Spanish goals of the New World; focused less on precious metals after little was found

mestizo

a person of Spanish/African and indigenous ancestry; caused many New Spain rulers to adopt a more inclusive social outlook

españoles

Spaniards born on the mainland

criollos

Spaniards born in the New World

Pueblo Revolt

most significant victory of natives during the time period; led by Popé; took back New Mexico

horses

allowed Southwest natives and Texans to sustain their culture; caused buffalo populations to dwindle

joint-stock company

businesses owned by investors, who purchased shares of of stock and share the profits and losses

colony

The purpose of an English _______ was to provide raw materials to England, buy English products, and relieve social pressures (such as the enclosure movement) at home.

Jamestown

a colony owned by the Virginia Company which almost failed because the townsmen/gentlemen who were sent had no idea how to grow/hunt food to eat or despised manual labor

Powhatan Confederacy

political, social, and martial entity of over 30 Algonquian-speaking Native American tribes; known for its relationship with Jamestown

Pocahontas

daughter of Chief Powhatan who was rumored to have save John Smith's life; later embraced Christianity, changed her name to Rebecca, and married an Englishman

John Smith

mercenary who imposed strict discipline in the Jamestown colony and forced all men to work if they wanted to eat

tobacco

profitable crop of Virginia; introduced by John Rolfe; increased demand for indentured servants and slaves

headright

a land grant; Great Charter of 1618 said that anyone who bought a share in the company and could pay for passage to Virginia had 50 acres on arrival and 50 more for each servant he brought along

House of Burgesses

first experiment with representative government in America; modeled after Parliament; consisted of a governor, four councilors, and twenty-two burgesses elected by white male property owners over the age of seventeen

Virginia Company

joint-stock company that owned Virginia; later went bankrupt and caused Virginia to be converted to a royal colony (governor became William Berkeley)

Maryland

first proprietary colony; founded by Calverts to be a refuge for English Catholics but ended up being intensely anti-Catholic after feuds; tried to avoid mistakes made at Jamestown by recruiting families and buying land from Natives

Toleration Act of 1654

document that welcomed all Christians, regardless of beliefs; later rescinded when Maryland became a royal colony

Plymouth

established by Plymouth Company; occupied by Pilgrims (Puritan separatists)

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrim contract to form "a civil body politic" based on "just and civil laws" designed for "the general good"; not democracy, only saints could vote or hold office

Squanto

taught Pilgrims how to grow corn, catch fish, gather nuts and berries, and negotiate with the Wampanoags

separatist

an Puritan advocate of secession from the Church of England

congregationalist

a Puritan who wanted to purify the Church of England from within

Massachusetts Bay Colony

intended to be a holy commonwealth for Puritans; occupied by Anglicans; led by John Winthrop; came as family groups; little oversight by monarchy because Winthrop brought the charter with him; no democracy, religious toleration, political freedom, social equality, or cultural diversity

Massachusetts General Court

government in Massachusetts Bay Colony; one of the first forms of colonial government; at first consisted of all shareholders (freemen) who had no power except to choose "assistants," who elected the governor and deputy governor; later had two or three deputies represent each town; freemen exercised increasing power

freemen

members of Massachusetts General Court; initially became _______ through shareholding, later through membership in the Puritan church, exercised increasing power in Massachusetts Bay Colony

Rhode Island

founded by Roger Williams after he found issue with the other Puritans lack of individual liberty and mistreatment of natives; democratic, tolerant of all religions, had good relationships with the natives

Anne Hutchinson

excommunicated from Puritan church after preaching privately; woman and undermined church's authority

Connecticut

led by Reverend Thomas Hooker; self-governing; adopted Fundamental Orders, which provided for a "Christian Commonwealth" but voting was not limited to church members

Pequot War

Mass. settlers accused a Pequot of murdering a colonist and destroyed a village; Pequot counterattacked; colonists and their native allies killed many Pequot; Pequot Nation was dissolved under the terms of the Treaty of Hartford

King Philip's War

aka Metacomet's War; three year long conflict between Wampanoags and colonists (rival tribes on both sides); ended Native superiority in New England area

Salem Witch Trials

a series of investigation into witchcraft in the Massachusetts Bay Colony that led to the death of 19 people by hanging

Barbados

a Caribbean colony notorious for its brutal treatment of enslaved workers in order to produce sugar, which fueled the wealth of European nations

Charles Town

occupied by plantation owners from Barbados and their slaves

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

governing document of the Carolinas; called for a royal governor, a council, and a Common House; in practice, Carolina was dominated by prominent Englishmen who owned a lot of land; granted religious toleration

Carolinas

North and South; royal colonies; provided lumber, tar, and rice; many slaves

New Netherland

profit-making enterprise; Dutch; fur-trading; no elected legislature, all controlled by Dutch West India Company; some degree of ethnic and religious diversity; no tolerance for Native Americans; large slave market; later seized by English and called New York

Hudson River

strategically and economically important river In modern-day New York

New Jersey

royal colony; many different settlements with many different religions

Pennsylvania

formed by Quakers (William Penn); escaping from persecution from other religious colonies; religious tolerance; good relationship with natives; freemen elected council members and assembly

Quakers

religious group that rebelled against all forms of political and religious authority; pacifists; "primitive" commitment to Christ; promoted equality of the sexes; tolerant towards all races and religions

Delaware

used to be part of Pennsylvania; later had different assemblies but same governor

Georgia

headed by James Oglethorpe; supposed to be a buffer between English and Spanish; social experiment by bringing together settlers from different countries and religions, most from the lower class; failed as a social experiment because rum and slaves were used despite rules

Middle Passage

the middle leg of the triangular trade; known for being horrific; one in six enslaved Africans died during the __________

African American

the new identity of the slaves in America; music, folklore, religion, words

skin color

The colonists preferred Africans over enslaved natives because Africans could not escape easily in a land where they stood out because of their _______________.

T

T/F: Some slaves became skilled workers: blacksmiths, carpenters, bricklayers, harbor pilots.

black code

laws which strictly regulated the behavior of both free and enslaved Blacks

Conspiracy of 1741

in 1741, colonists were worried that enslaved people were setting fires around the city; ended in the deaths of 17 enslaved people and 4 whites

Stono Rebellion

the largest slave uprising of the colonial period; enslaved people attacked plantations, stores, and freed slaves; most were either killed in battle or hanged; convince SC to ban importation of slaves for ten years

Negro Acts of 1740

laws that called for more oversight of enslaved people's activities and harsher punishments for their rebellious behavior; after Stono Rebellion

naturalization

the process to become a citizen; usually acquiring property, voting and holding office, and receiving royal grants of land

Naturalization Act

immigrants living in America for 7 years would become subjects in the British Empire after swearing a loyalty oath and providing proof that they were Protestants

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

Copernicus

mathematician and astronomer who asserted that the earth orbits the sun

Isaac Newton

mathemetician and physicist who introduced the idea of gravitational pull; changing universe moving in accordance with "natural laws" that could be grasped by human reason and explained by mathematics

deism

religious philosophy that believes God created the universe, but no longer affects it

ignorance

Evil, according to the Deists, resulted not from humanity's inherent sinfulness as outlined in the Bible but from human ____________ of the rational laws of nature.

natural rights

the basic rights that all humans have just by being human

natural law

calls for a government that rests on the consent of the governed and respects the natural rights of the people

Benjamin Franklin

child of the Enlightenment; scientific research, self-reliance, hard work, public service, critical thinking, etc

Great Awakening

a revival of Christian passion and fear of God; weakened the status of clergy and state-supported churches

Jonathan Edwards

kicked off Great Awakening; restored a fear of God and described the "torments of hell and the delights of heaven"; Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

George Whitefield

INTENSE and passionate speaker who excited his listeners

Christopher Columbus

sailed for Spanish monarchy; harsh on natives; first contacts were Taino/Arawaks

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

encomienda

labor system employed by Spaniards; lifetime monopoly of the user on use of labor of the natives; comparable to slavery, but not exactly

indentured servant

a person who in exchange for free passage to the colonies and a future promise of land, would be in servitude for 7 years

merchant class

a middle class made of merchants; mainly in North due to extensive trade

Old Deluder Law

Puritan idea to educate people so they'll read the Bible

Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec

Joliet/Marquette

explore Great Lakes down Mississippi River; confirm river flows into Gulf of Mexico

Catholic Jesuits

French Christians who convert by blending native and Christian cultures

Bacon's Rebellion

clash between indentured servants vs Jamestown bc governor won't protect servants; creates fear of indentured servants