Steel and Framing Systems Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about steel, wall framing, ceiling systems, roof framing, and fenestrations.

Steel

An alloy of carbon and iron with other elements present in varying amounts to achieve desired properties.

Wrought Iron

Iron alloys made until about the 14th century AD, produced by heating iron ore and charcoal in a forge, resulting in a sponge of metallic iron filled with slag.

Pig Iron

An alloy produced in larger furnaces after the 14th century that melts at a lower temperature than steel or wrought iron.

Bessemer Furnace

A furnace developed by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1855 that refines molten iron with blasts of air.

Carbon Steel

A type of steel containing varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65% manganese, 0.60% silicon, and 0.60% copper; comprises more than 90% of all steels.

Alloy Steel

Steels with a specified composition containing percentages of vanadium, molybdenum, or other elements, as well as larger amounts of manganese, silicon, and copper than regular carbon steels.

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA)

Steels containing small amounts of expensive alloy elements but processed to have more strength than carbon steels of the same weight.

Stainless Steel

Steels containing chromium, nickel, and other elements that make them bright and rust-resistant, used in various applications from decorative purposes to surgical instruments.

Tool Steels

Steels containing tungsten, molybdenum, and other elements, fabricated into tools and cutting parts of machinery, providing extra strength, hardness, and wear resistance.

Deformed Bar

A concrete rebar with a rough surface featuring indentations or ridges to improve bond strength in reinforced concrete.

Shape/Section (Structural)

A product of rolled mill used as structural steel members represented by the shapes of their cross-section (e.g., square bar, I-beam).

Regular Section

Commonly used steel shapes with higher demand.

Special Section

Steel shapes infrequently used or rolled only upon demand.

Bars

15 cm or less wide by 0.51 cm thk., 15 cm to 20 cm wide by 0.58 cm thk.

Plate

A steel piece over 20 cm wide by 0.58 cm thick, or over 1.29 m wide by 0.46 cm thick or more.

Derrick

A device with a mast held upright by legs or guy wires and a boom fastened to the bottom of the mast on a pivot, used for setting steel at upper levels of tall buildings.

Mast

A tall pole that is held vertically upright by legs or by guy wires

Boom

Long pole that works like the boom on a crane. Fastened to the bottom of the mast on a pivot.

Rivet

A metal fastener with a head at one end, with the other end hammered into a head after insertion.

Bolt

A metal rod with a head at one end and a screw for a nut on the other, used for fastening.

Weld

The process of joining materials together by heating with a flame torch or electric current.

Framing

The fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape.

Mass wall construction

Alternative ot framed construction; Where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are use without framing.

Sole Plate

The base for framing, also known as 'guililan'.

Horizontal Studs

Stiffeners of framing, also known as 'pabalagbag', serving the same function as floor bridging.

Vertical Studs

Main studs/framework, also known as 'pilarete', used as nailers for wall finish.

Top Plate

Stiffens the top of studs, similar in function to a floor header.

Roof Girt

Also known as 'sepo', supports roof framing.

Braces

Also known as 'pie de gallo', keep studs from moving laterally or slanting.

Sill

Also known as 'pasamano', bottom framing for window openings.

Header

Also known as 'sombrero', top framing for door and window openings.

Trimmer

Side framing for door and window openings.

Cripple Studs

Vertical studs not running the full length, stopping at the sill or header, similar to tail joists.

Baseboard

Covers the joint of floor finish and wall finish and protects the bottom of wall finish.

Wainscot

Bottom portion of wall finish.

Cornice/Molding

Also known as 'kornisa / moldura', covers joints of wall finish and ceiling finish.

Panel Wall System

A type of wall system that makes use of prefab-sandwich panels.

Conventional Wall System

A commonly used wall system locally.

Sill Plate

A 2x6-inch plate attached to the foundation of a wood floor system with ½-inch anchor bolts to resist wind forces.

Reflected Ceiling Plan

A drawing criteria that depicts walls and columns as shaded, doors and windows as hidden lines, and includes details such as eaves, downspouts, dimensions, and column bubbles.

Shed (Lean-to) Roof

A simple roof consisting of one single slope.

Gable (Pitch) Roof

A common and economical roof made of triangular sections with two slopes meeting at the center of the ridge.

Saw tooth roof

Development of the shed made into series of lean to roof covering one building; commonly used in factories where extra light is required through the window on a vertical side.

Double Gable roof

Modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof

Hip Roof

A common roof in modern houses, having straight sides sloping toward the center of the building, terminating at the ridge.

Hip and Valley roof

Combination of the hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming a T or L shape; consist of a variety of modifications.

Pyramid Roof

Modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides are sooping towards the center terminating at a point.

Gambrel Roof

A modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.

Butterfly roof

A two shed roof where the slope meet at the center of the building.

Mansard Roof

A roof where the sides slope steeply from each side of the building towards the center, forming a flat deck on top.

French or Concave Mansard

A modification of the mansard roof where the sides are concave.

Dome Roof

A hemispherical form of roof, often used on observatories.

Conical Roof

A steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central point; also known as a spire.

Ogee roof

Curved roof based on the “ogee" curved; two equal and opposite arcs of a circle joined into a smooth flowing curve that is both convex and concave at rhe same time.

Rafter

A structural member extending from the plate or girt to the roof ridge to support the roof sheathing.

Couple

A pair of rafters.

Common Rafters

Rafters extended at right angles from the plate or girt to the ridge.

Hip Rafters

Rafters laid diagonally from the corner of a plate or girt to the ridge.

Valley Rafters

Rafters placed diagonally from the plate or girt at the intersection of gable extension with the main roof.

Octagonal rafters

Rafter placed on an octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or ridge pole.

Jack Rafter

Any rafter that does not extend from the plate or girt to the ridge.

Hip jacks

Jack rafters framed between hip rafters and girts.

Valley jacks

The frame between the ridge and valley rafters.

Cripple jacks

Frames between the hip and the valley rafters.

Truss

A built-up frame used on long-span roofs unsupported by intermediate columns, using a series of triangles to distribute load.

Girts

Structural members that support the rafters or trusses of a building.

Span

The distance between the outsides of the walls covered by a roof.

Run

The horizontal distance covered by one rafter, which does not include any part that extends beyond the wall; on a two-sided roof, it is one-half the span.

Rise

The vertical distance from the top of the wall to the measuring line of the ridge board.

Measuring Line

An imaginary line along which all roof dimensions are taken, usually parallel to the edges of the rafter.

Bird’s Mouth

A notch cut in the lower edge of the rafter to fit around the wall plate.

Ridge Board/Roll

Horizontal framing member to which the upper ends of the rafters are connected.

Overhang

Horizontal distance covered by the roof outside the walls.

Tail

Portion of the rafter that is outside the walls, forming the overhang.

Pitch

Indicates how steep the roof is, given as a fraction or the number of unit rise per unit run; also called slope or unit rise.

Collar Beam/Ties

Ties between the rafters on opposite sides of the roof, preventing the weight on the roof from spreading the walls.

Fenestration

The arrangement of windows and doors in a building.