Comprehensive Guide to Industrial Psychology and Organizational Theories

What does BLEPP assume about organizational goals?

There is one best configuration to accomplish goals.

What is the role of scientific analysis in industrial psychology?

It identifies the one best way to organize for production.

What principle emphasizes the division of labor in organizations?

Functional Principle, which states organizations should be divided into units performing similar functions.

What does the Scalar Principle address in organizational structure?

It deals with vertical growth and the chain of command, ensuring each subordinate is accountable to only one superior.

What are the two types of functions in the Line/Staff Principle?

Line Functions, which meet major organizational goals, and Staff Functions, which support line activities.

What does the Span-Of-Control Principle refer to?

The number of subordinates a manager is responsible for supervising.

How does a large span of control affect organizational structure?

It produces flat organizations.

What is Classical Organizational Theory focused on?

Organizations exist for economic reasons and to accomplish productivity goals.

What are the basic ingredients of any organization according to Classical Theory?

Differentiated activities, people performing tasks, cooperation toward a goal, and authority.

What did Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management emphasize?

The application of scientific principles to increase worker efficiency and productivity.

What should be eliminated according to Taylor's principles?

Physical stress and anxiety.

What is the expected outcome of productivity improvements in Taylor's view?

The advantages should go to workers.

What does the concept of authority ensure in an organization?

It ensures cooperation among people pursuing their goals.

What is the significance of planning work in Taylor's Scientific Management?

It is essential for achieving efficiency, standardization, specialization, and simplification.

What is the impact of training on workers according to Taylor?

Capabilities of workers should be developed through training.

What does the organization represent in Classical Theory?

A machine focused on running effectively.

What is the relationship between environment and organizational value creation?

Organizations create value by transforming inputs (like raw materials) through processes into outputs (products or services).

What is the purpose of organizational theory?

To explain or predict how groups and individuals behave in varying organizational structures and circumstances.

What is the role of cooperation in organizations according to Classical Theory?

It fosters unity of purpose in the pursuit of common goals.

What is the implication of having a 'right' structure for an organization?

It suggests that there is an optimal way to structure an organization to achieve its objectives.

What is the significance of specialization in organizational structure?

It allows for efficiency and effectiveness in task performance.

What does the term 'social entity' imply in the context of organizations?

Organizations are made up of people who agree on and work towards shared goals.

What is the expected outcome if an organization does not create value?

The organization will 'die'.

What is the main focus of employment decisions in Industrial Psychology?

Employment decisions are based on merit with an emphasis on written records.

What does the Division of Labor refer to in an organization?

It refers to each job being a specialized position with its own set of responsibilities and duties.

What is a potential difficulty associated with the Division of Labor?

The coordination of various tasks handled by different employees.

What type of organizational structure is commonly found in Industrial Psychology?

A top-down pyramidal organization.

What is Delegation of Authority?

An approach where supervisors assign tasks to employees and hold them responsible for their completion.

How is Structure defined in an organization?

It is the formal way an organization is designed in terms of division of labor, delegation of authority, and span of control.

What does Span of Control refer to?

The number of subordinates who report to a given supervisor.

What are the principles of the Scientific Approach in management?

Hierarchy, specialization, predictability and stability, rationality, and democracy.

Who is associated with Administrative Management and what are its characteristics?

Henri Fayol; it is characterized by high levels of job specialization and standardization.

What is Taylorism?

A premise that there is one best way to get the job done, emphasizing efficiency.

What does the Scientific Selection of workers entail?

Careful selection and training of workers to enhance efficiency.

What is the role of management in the principles of scientific management?

Management gathers data from workers to improve job efficiency and redistributes work tasks.

What is the ideal form of organization according to Max Weber's Bureaucracy?

It includes a formal hierarchy, division of labor, and a clear set of operating procedures.

What are the characteristics of a bureaucratic organization?

Specialization of labor, well-defined authority hierarchy, formal rules and procedures, and impersonality.

What is the purpose of Bureaucracy in organizations?

To improve organizational productivity by synchronizing internal processes.

What does the term 'Underemployed' mean?

Being employed in a field that is not aligned with a person's specialization.

What does 'Impersonality' in a bureaucratic organization refer to?

Behavior based on logical reasoning rather than emotional thinking.

What is the significance of worker efficiency according to scientific management?

Worker efficiency leads to greater managerial efficiency.

What is the relationship between management and labor in the principles of scientific management?

It promotes cooperation rather than conflict.

What is the function of management in the context of Administrative Theory?

To ensure the effective division of specialization among employees.

What is the goal of time and motion studies in management?

To analyze work conditions and their effects on productivity and efficiency.

Who were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in relation to scientific management?

They implemented principles of scientific management alongside Frederick Taylor.

What does 'Employed' mean in the context of job specialization?

Working in the person's chosen field of specialization.

What are the key functions of management in industrial psychology according to the notes?

Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating, Directing, Reporting, Budgeting.

Who proposed the structural theory of organizations?

Harry Mintzberg.

What does the structural theory suggest about organizations?

Organizations evolve to reach a certain form and shape that allows them to function in their surroundings.

What is the relationship between authority and responsibility in management?

Managers should have the authority to issue commands, but they also have the responsibility to ensure the work gets done.

What does discipline in an organization entail?

Subordinates must fully obey instructions from superiors.

What is the principle of Unity of Command?

Only one executive gives instructions to employees.

What does Unity of Direction ensure in an organization?

Each workgroup or department works under a singular plan coordinated by one supervisor.

What does the principle of Subordination of Individual Interest state?

The interests of individuals are subordinate to the general interests of the group or department.

How is remuneration of personnel used in organizations?

Compensation is used to incentivize worker performance.

What does Centralization refer to in organizational decision-making?

Decision-making should be either centralized or decentralized based on the organization's characteristics and worker competency.

What is the Scalar Chain principle?

There must be a hierarchy of authority that places workers below managers in the reporting structure.

What does the principle of Order require in an organization?

There must be designed rules and standards for the work environment and responsibilities.

What is the principle of Equity in organizational management?

The organization must operate based on principles of fairness.

What does Stability of Tenure of Personnel promote?

Low turnover, allowing employees to learn their jobs, develop skills, and acquire loyalty.

What is Progressive Discipline?

A method of discipline that uses graduated steps to address problems related to an employee's conduct or performance.

What is the role of Initiative in an organization?

Organizations must promote initiative by allowing employees to create and carry out their own plans.

What is Esprit De Corps in an organization?

It is the establishment of a sense of belonging that creates unity and morale, allowing the organization to function effectively.

What are the Seven Basic Parts of an Organization?

1. Operating Core - conducts basic work duties; 2. Strategic Apex - oversees overall success; 3. Middle Line - ensures goals are met; 4. Technostructure - provides technical expertise; 5. Support Staff - aids the mission; 6. Ideology - belief system driving commitment; 7. Politics - side effect of ideology causing conflict.

What is the role of the Operating Core in an organization?

Responsible for conducting basic work duties that define the organization's purpose and transform raw goods into sellable products.

What does the Strategic Apex do?

It is responsible for the overall success of the organization and is associated with executive leadership.

What is the function of the Middle Line in an organization?

Ensures that the overall goals set by the Strategic Apex are being carried out by the Operating Core.

What is the Technostructure in an organization?

It possesses specific technical expertise that facilitates the overall operation, including departments like accounting, HR, IT, and law.

What is the purpose of Support Staff in an organization?

They aid the basic mission of the organization, typically including roles like mailroom, security, and janitorial services.

What is Ideology in the context of an organization?

It is a belief system that compels commitment to a particular value, guiding actions and employee behavior towards a singular mission.

How does Politics manifest in an organization?

As a side effect of ideology, it causes divisiveness and conflict, based on the use of power that is neither formally authorized nor widely accepted.

What does Neoclassical Theory emphasize in organizational behavior?

It recognizes the importance of individual or group behavior and emphasizes human relations, focusing on managerial practices to drive efficiency.

What is another name for Neoclassical Theory?

It is also known as Behavioral Theory of Organization, Human Relations, or New Classical Theory of Management.

What is the focus of Humanistic Theory in organizations?

It considers the interrelationship between an organization's requirements and the characteristics of its members, emphasizing individual attention.

What was the outcome of Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Experiment?

Productivity increased when lighting conditions improved, and motivation rose due to the company's interest in workers' well-being.

What does Chester Barnard's Comprehensive Theory of Behavior emphasize?

It emphasizes the need for executives to foster purpose, moral codes, ethical visions, and create effective communication systems.

What is the significance of informal organization according to Humanistic Theory?

It highlights the importance of individual, work group dynamics, and participative management in achieving organizational success.

What is the main idea behind Simon's Theories in organizational studies?

They add a personal or human element to the study of organizations, focusing on the interrelationship between organizational needs and member characteristics.

What is the key focus of functions of management?

Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals.

What does the term 'Passive to active organisms' refer to in the context of Industrial Psychology?

It refers to the shift in understanding organizations from being viewed as passive entities to active participants in their environments.

What is the primary goal of managerial practices in Neoclassical Theory?

To heighten managerial performance rather than focusing solely on individual worker efficiency.

What does the term 'group' refer to in Neoclassical Theory?

It refers to the emphasis on collective behavior and dynamics within teams, as opposed to focusing solely on individual performance.

What is the role of ideology in guiding employee behavior?

Employees behave in accordance with their sincere convictions in the organization's ideology, allowing for relative independence in their work.

What is the relationship between productivity and morale according to Humanistic Theory?

Productivity is achieved through high morale, which is influenced by the attention workers receive.

What do Theory X and Theory Y describe?

They describe managers' beliefs and assumptions about their employees, which influence their behavior towards those employees.

What is the main belief of Theory X regarding employees?

Employees are viewed as lazy, selfish, uninterested in work, lacking ambition, and not very intelligent, requiring control and direction from managers.

How does Theory Y differ from Theory X?

Theory Y has a more humanistic approach, emphasizing the inherent goodness and potential of employees and the responsibility of management to nurture these qualities.

What is the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the context of management?

It refers to the phenomenon where employees learn to act and believe in ways consistent with how managers perceive them.

What does the Human Relations Movement emphasize?

It emphasizes the importance of social and psychological factors in determining worker productivity and satisfaction.

What are the characteristics of efficient leaders according to the notes?

Efficient leaders are employee-centric, democratic, and follow a participative style.

What does the Behavioral Movement propose?

It proposes ideas on how managers should behave to effectively motivate employees.

What is Argyris' Growth Perspective?

It posits that growth is a natural and healthy experience for individuals, and organizations should acknowledge and support this growth.

What determines whether a worker can do a job properly according to the notes?

Motivation determines whether a worker can do a job properly, while ability and skill determine if they can do the job at all.

What trait is most related to work motivation according to the notes?

Self-Esteem, as employees with high self-esteem are more motivated and perform better.

How does the need for affiliation influence employee motivation?

Employees with a strong need for affiliation are motivated by jobs that allow them to work with and help others.

What motivates employees with a strong need for power?

They are motivated by a desire to influence others rather than just seeking personal success.

What is Job Expectations Theory?

It states that a discrepancy between an employee's job expectations and the reality of the job can affect their motivation and satisfaction.

What can happen if job expectations are not met?

Employees may feel unmotivated if their job expectations are not fulfilled.

Why is a Realistic Job Preview important?

It helps set accurate job expectations, which can prevent feelings of unmotivation when reality does not meet expectations.

What is the role of motivation in the workplace?

Motivation is the internal force that drives a worker to perform their job.