classification of matter

chemistry

Scientific study of matter, its properties, and interactions with other matter and energy.

analytical chemistry

Focuses on the composition of matter and equipment development.

biochemistry

Studies the chemistry of living organisms and their structures.

chemical engineering

Applies chemical principles to create useful products or solve problems.

inorganic chemistry

Deals with materials of non-biological origin

organic chemistry 

Examines compounds containing carbon bonded to hydrogen.

physical chemistry

ncorporates physics into chemistry, focusing on energy and speed.

understanding matter

Matter is any material with mass and volume.

cosmic

Requires special instruments for observation.

macroscopic

Visible without magnification (shape, color).

microscopic

Requires a microscope to see (e.g., cell structures).

submicroscopic

Cannot be seen with a microscope; includes atoms.

solid 

Definite shape and volume, particles are tightly packed, expands slightly when heated (crystalline and amorphous).

liquid

Definite volume, shape takes that of the container, particles can move past one another with minimal compression.

gas

No definite volume or shape, expands to fill container, particles far apart, compressible.

surface tension

Energy needed to increase the surface area of a liquid; higher attractive forces = higher surface tension.

surfactants

(e.g., soaps, detergents) lower surface tension.

meniscus

Concave shape of liquid's surface in a container due to adhesive and cohesive forces.

melting

solid to liquid

freezing

liquid to solid

sublimation

solid to gas

deposition

gas to solid

vaporization (boiling) 

liquid to gas 

condensation (liquefaction)

gas to liquid 

pure substance

Uniform, definite compositions; cannot be altered by physical methods.

elements

Composed of only one type of atom; cannot be separated further.

compounds

Composed of two or more elements, properties differ from constituent elements.

mixtures

Combinations of pure substances retaining individual properties.

heterogeneous mixtures

Not uniform, distinct parts.

homogeneous mixtures (solutions)

Uniform composition; e.g., tea, air.

alloys

Solid-solid solutions (e.g., steel, brass).

physical properties

Observed/measured without changing composition (e.g., mass, length).

extensive properties

Dependent on quantity.

intensive properties

• Independent of quantity.

physical changes

Alter substance without changing its composition (e.g., phase changes).

chemical properties

Ability to change into new substances, discerned through reaction (e.g., rusting).

chemical changes 

Processes where substances change into new substances (e.g., evidence of color change, energy change, gas production).