Functional Groups.

alkane

Carbon single bonds. Non-polar. Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions (London Dispersion forces). Saturated

Cycloalkanes

Carbon ring surrounded by hydrogens. Nonpolar. London dispersion. Nonsaturated

Primary carbons

Attached to 1 carbon

Secondary carbons

Attached to 2 carbons

Tertiary carbons

Attached to 3 carbons

Quaternary Carbons

Attached to 4 carbons

Alkene

One or more carbon double bonds. Nonpolar (more polar than alkane). London dispersion.

Alkynes

Unsaturated carbons that contain one or more triple bonds. Nonpolar (more polar than alkanes and alkenes). London dispersion forces

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (arenes)

Derivatives of benzene. Ring of carbon double bonds and carbon single bonds. Nonpolar (more polar than cycloalkanes).

Phenyls and Benzyl

Two types of aromatic hydrocarbons

Phenyl group

The aromatic ring is directly attached to another carbon chain.

Benzyl group

a methylene group is attached to the carbon chain

Alkyl Halides (Haloalkanes)

Compounds containing a halogen. Polar. Dipole-Dipole.

Primary Akyl Halides

The halogen is attached to a primary carbon

Alcohols

contain one or more hydroxyl groups (OH). The carbon its attached to must be sp3 hybridized. Polar. Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole bonding.

primary alcohol

the OH is attached to a primary carbon.

Phenols

compounds that have the sp2 carbon in the aromatic ring attached directly to the OH groups. Polar. H bonding, dipole-dipole, induced dipole-dipole interactions.

Enols

contain an OH directly attached to the sp2 carbon of the alkene. Are unstable and will rearrange to a ketone. OH must be attached to the double bond. Polar. Dipole-Dipole interactions.

Ethers

similar to enols but the oxygen is bound to two carbon atoms. Polar. Dipole-Dipole interactions.

Amine

organic derivatives of Ammonia. Polar. Dipole-dipole interactions or Hydrogen bonding. Depending on the H atoms are bonded to the Nitrogen.

Primary amine

Aldehydes

the carbonyl group is directly attached to the H atom

Ketone

the carbonyl group attached to two R groups. Rs cannot be H or it would be an aldehyde. Polar. Dipole-Dipole interactions.

Carboxylic acids

contain carboxyl group (carbonyl and hydroxyl). Dipole-Dipole. Hydrogen Bonding. When they hydrogen bond with themselves to form dimers.

Esters

carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in a condensation reaction. RCOOH + R’OH

Amides

Form when a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine. RCOOH + RNH2.

Acid chlorides

a chlorine instead of an OH is formed when carboxylic acid reacts with thionyl chloride.