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Energy intake
amount of energy you get from food
Energy output
energy used for body functions, activity, and digestion
Energy Equilibrium
intake = output, maintain weight
Positive Energy Balance
intake > output, gain weight
Negative Energy Balance
intake < output, lose weight
Carbohydrate energy
1 gram = 4 kcal
Protein energy
1 gram = 4 kcal
Fat energy
1 gram = 9 kcal
Alcohol energy
1 gram = 7 kcal
Regulation of food intake
body balances eating using internal and external cues
Internal cues
hormone and body feedback signals
External cues
things like sight, smell, or taste of food
Appetite
desire to eat for pleasure, not hunger
Cues that stimulate appetite
body signals, eating environment, and food type
Amount eaten is affected by
energy density, food balance, and form
Constant food intake
people eat similar amounts no matter the nutrients
Protein and fiber effect
increase fullness (satiety)
Liquid satiety
drinks don’t keep you full long
Sensory properties
flavor, texture, color, and temperature affect eating
Taste factor
taste makes people eat more than needed
Portion sizes
bigger portions lead to overeating
Portion distribution phenomenon
large servings cause higher intake
Environmental and social factors
cold = eat more, hot = eat less
Plate sizes
bigger plates = eat more
Poorer food choices
environment can lead to unhealthy choices
Mindless eating
eating without paying attention
Emotional factors
eating to handle stress or feelings
Gastrointestinal sensations
stomach stretch causes fullness
Neurological and hormonal factors
brain chemicals and hormones control hunger
Disruption in signaling system
messed-up hunger signals cause over or undereating