Energy Balance and Weight Management

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31 Terms

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Energy intake

amount of energy you get from food

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Energy output

energy used for body functions, activity, and digestion

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Energy Equilibrium

intake = output, maintain weight

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Positive Energy Balance

intake > output, gain weight

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Negative Energy Balance

intake < output, lose weight

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Carbohydrate energy

1 gram = 4 kcal

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Protein energy

1 gram = 4 kcal

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Fat energy

1 gram = 9 kcal

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Alcohol energy

1 gram = 7 kcal

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Regulation of food intake

body balances eating using internal and external cues

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Internal cues

hormone and body feedback signals

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External cues

things like sight, smell, or taste of food

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Appetite

desire to eat for pleasure, not hunger

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Cues that stimulate appetite

body signals, eating environment, and food type

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Amount eaten is affected by

energy density, food balance, and form

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Constant food intake

people eat similar amounts no matter the nutrients

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Protein and fiber effect

increase fullness (satiety)

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Liquid satiety

drinks don’t keep you full long

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Sensory properties

flavor, texture, color, and temperature affect eating

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Taste factor

taste makes people eat more than needed

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Portion sizes

bigger portions lead to overeating

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Portion distribution phenomenon

large servings cause higher intake

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Environmental and social factors

cold = eat more, hot = eat less

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Plate sizes

bigger plates = eat more

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Poorer food choices

environment can lead to unhealthy choices

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Mindless eating

eating without paying attention

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Emotional factors

eating to handle stress or feelings

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Gastrointestinal sensations

stomach stretch causes fullness

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Neurological and hormonal factors

brain chemicals and hormones control hunger

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Disruption in signaling system

messed-up hunger signals cause over or undereating